Physical Review B

Coherent spin manipulations in Yb 3 + : CaWO 4 at X - and W -band EPR frequencies

R. M. Rakhmatullin, I. N. Kurkin, Georgy Vladimirovich Mamin, S. B. Orlinskiĭ, Marat Revgerovich Gafurov, E. I. Baibekov, Malkin Boris Zalmanovich, Serge Gambarelli, Sylvain Bertaina, B. Barbara

Published May 20, 2009• 30 citations

Publisher

Abstract

Coherent spin dynamics of impurity ${\text{Yb}}^{3+}$ ions in the ${\text{CaWO}}_{4}$ single crystal has been studied using $X$- and $W$-band EPR. Rabi oscillations of the sample magnetization with damping times comparable to their period, driven by pulses of the microwave field with duration up to $5\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{s}$, were observed. The largest value of the single-qubit figure of merit $(\ensuremath{\sim}6400)$ is obtained for the high-field component in the $^{171}\text{Y}\text{b}$ $X$-band EPR spectrum. The spin-lattice relaxation time of the ${\text{Yb}}^{3+}$ ions shortens with the increasing resonance frequency while the phase memory time, in contrast, grows noticeably. Variations of the phase memory times are interpreted in terms of spectral and instantaneous diffusions. The increase of the coherence time at the $W$ band can be used for the application of rare-earth ions as qubits in quantum computing as it has been proposed recently.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.79.172408

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Sub-second spin and lifetime-limited optical coherences in $^{171}$Yb$^{3+}$:CaWO$_4$

Alexey Tiranov, Emanuel Green, Sophie Hermans +8 more

arXiv:2504.01592Apr 2, 20251 citation

Coherent spin dynamics of rare-earth doped crystals in the high-cooperativity regime

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Phonon-bottlenecked spin relaxation of Er$^{3+}$:CaWO$_4$ at milliKelvin temperatures

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Physical Review B

Coherent spin manipulations in Yb 3 + : CaWO 4 at X - and W -band EPR frequencies

R. M. Rakhmatullin, I. N. Kurkin, Georgy Vladimirovich Mamin, S. B. Orlinskiĭ, Marat Revgerovich Gafurov, E. I. Baibekov, Malkin Boris Zalmanovich, Serge Gambarelli, Sylvain Bertaina, B. Barbara

Published May 20, 2009• 30 citations

Publisher

Abstract

Coherent spin dynamics of impurity

{\text{Yb}}^{3+}

ions in the

{\text{CaWO}}_{4}

single crystal has been studied using

X

- and

W

-band EPR. Rabi oscillations of the sample magnetization with damping times comparable to their period, driven by pulses of the microwave field with duration up to

5\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{s}

, were observed. The largest value of the single-qubit figure of merit

(\ensuremath{\sim}6400)

is obtained for the high-field component in the

^{171}\text{Y}\text{b}

X

-band EPR spectrum. The spin-lattice relaxation time of the

{\text{Yb}}^{3+}

ions shortens with the increasing resonance frequency while the phase memory time, in contrast, grows noticeably. Variations of the phase memory times are interpreted in terms of spectral and instantaneous diffusions. The increase of the coherence time at the

W

band can be used for the application of rare-earth ions as qubits in quantum computing as it has been proposed recently.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.79.172408

Related papers

Sub-second spin and lifetime-limited optical coherences in $^{171}$ Yb $^{3+}$ :CaWO $_4$ Sub-second spin and lifetime-limited optical coherences in $^{171}$Yb$^{3+}$:CaWO$_4$

Alexey Tiranov, Emanuel Green, Sophie Hermans +8 more

Optically addressable solid-state spins have been extensively studied for quantum technologies, offering unique advantages for quantum computing, communication, and sensing. Advancing these applications is generally limited by finding materials that simultaneously provide lifetime-limited optical and long spin coherences. Here, we introduce $^{171}$ Yb $^{3+}$ ions doped into a CaWO $_4$ crystal. We perform high-resolution spectroscopy of the excited state, and demonstrate all-optical coherent control of the electron-nuclear spin ensemble. We find narrow inhomogeneous broadening of the optical transitions of 185 MHz and radiative-lifetime-limited coherence time up to 0.75~ms. Next to this, we measure a spin-transition ensemble line width of 5 kHz and electron-nuclear spin coherence time reaching 0.15~seconds at zero magnetic field between 50~mK and 1~K temperatures. These results demonstrate the potential of $^{171}$ Yb $^{3+}$ :CaWO $_4$ as a low-noise platform for building quantum technologies with ensemble-based memories, microwave-to-optical transducers, and optically addressable single-ion spin qubits.Optically addressable solid-state spins have been extensively studied for quantum technologies, offering unique advantages for quantum computing, communication, and sensing. Advancing these applications is generally limited by finding materials that simultaneously provide lifetime-limited optical and long spin coherences. Here, we introduce $^{171}$Yb$^{3+}$ ions doped into a CaWO$_4$ crystal. We perform high-resolution spectroscopy of the excited state, and demonstrate all-optical coherent control of the electron-nuclear spin ensemble. We find narrow inhomogeneous broadening of the optical transitions of 185 MHz and radiative-lifetime-limited coherence time up to 0.75~ms. Next to this, we measure a spin-transition ensemble line width of 5 kHz and electron-nuclear spin coherence time reaching 0.15~seconds at zero magnetic field between 50~mK and 1~K temperatures. These results demonstrate the potential of $^{171}$Yb$^{3+}$:CaWO$_4$ as a low-noise platform for building quantum technologies with ensemble-based memories, microwave-to-optical transducers, and optically addressable single-ion spin qubits.

arXiv:2504.01592Apr 2, 20251 citation

Coherent spin dynamics of rare-earth doped crystals in the high-cooperativity regime

Joseph Alexander, Gavin Dold, Oscar W. Kennedy +9 more

Rare-earth doped crystals have long coherence times and the potential to provide quantum interfaces between microwave and optical photons. Such applications benefit from a high cooperativity between the spin ensemble and a microwave cavity---this motivates an increase in the rare-earth ion concentration which in turn impacts the spin coherence lifetime. We measure spin dynamics of two rare-earth spin species, $^{145}\mathrm{Nd}$ and Yb, doped into ${\mathrm{Y}}_{\text{2}}{\mathrm{SiO}}_{\text{5}}$ , coupled to a planar microwave resonator in the high-cooperativity regime, in the temperature range $1.2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ to $14\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK}$ . We identify relevant decoherence mechanisms, including instantaneous diffusion arising from resonant spins and temperature-dependent spectral diffusion from impurity electron and nuclear spins in the environment. We explore two methods to mitigate the effects of spectral diffusion in the Yb system in the low-temperature limit, first, using magnetic fields of up to 1 T to suppress impurity spin dynamics and, second, using transitions with low effective $g$ factors to reduce sensitivity to such dynamics. Finally, we demonstrate how the ``clock transition'' present in the $^{171}\mathrm{Yb}$ system at zero field can be used to increase coherence times up to ${T}_{2}=6(1)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ms}$ .Rare-earth doped crystals have long coherence times and the potential to provide quantum interfaces between microwave and optical photons. Such applications benefit from a high cooperativity between the spin ensemble and a microwave cavity---this motivates an increase in the rare-earth ion concentration which in turn impacts the spin coherence lifetime. We measure spin dynamics of two rare-earth spin species, $^{145}\mathrm{Nd}$ and Yb, doped into ${\mathrm{Y}}_{\text{2}}{\mathrm{SiO}}_{\text{5}}$, coupled to a planar microwave resonator in the high-cooperativity regime, in the temperature range $1.2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ to $14\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK}$. We identify relevant decoherence mechanisms, including instantaneous diffusion arising from resonant spins and temperature-dependent spectral diffusion from impurity electron and nuclear spins in the environment. We explore two methods to mitigate the effects of spectral diffusion in the Yb system in the low-temperature limit, first, using magnetic fields of up to 1 T to suppress impurity spin dynamics and, second, using transitions with low effective $g$ factors to reduce sensitivity to such dynamics. Finally, we demonstrate how the ``clock transition'' present in the $^{171}\mathrm{Yb}$ system at zero field can be used to increase coherence times up to ${T}_{2}=6(1)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ms}$.

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EPR Spectroscopy of Impurity Thulium Ions in Yttrium Orthosilicate Single Crystals

Andrey A. Sukhanov, Valery F. Tarasov, Yu. D. Zavartsev +2 more

The frequency-field and orientation dependences of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra are measured for impurity Tm 3+ ions in yttrium orthosilicate (Y 2 SiO 5 ) single crystals by stationary EPR spectroscopy in the frequency range of 50–100 GHz at 4.2 K. The position of the impurity ion in the crystal lattice and its magnetic characteristics are determined. The temperature dependences of the spin–lattice and phase relaxation times are measured by pulse EPR methods in the temperature range of 5–15 K and the high efficiency of the direct single-phonon mechanism of spin–lattice relaxation is established. This greatly shortens the spin–lattice relaxation time at low temperatures and makes impurity Tm 3+ ions in Y 2 SiO 5 a promising basis for the implementation of high-speed quantum memory based on rare-earth ions in dielectric crystals.The frequency-field and orientation dependences of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra are measured for impurity Tm 3+ ions in yttrium orthosilicate (Y 2 SiO 5 ) single crystals by stationary EPR spectroscopy in the frequency range of 50–100 GHz at 4.2 K. The position of the impurity ion in the crystal lattice and its magnetic characteristics are determined. The temperature dependences of the spin–lattice and phase relaxation times are measured by pulse EPR methods in the temperature range of 5–15 K and the high efficiency of the direct single-phonon mechanism of spin–lattice relaxation is established. This greatly shortens the spin–lattice relaxation time at low temperatures and makes impurity Tm 3+ ions in Y 2 SiO 5 a promising basis for the implementation of high-speed quantum memory based on rare-earth ions in dielectric crystals.

Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics LettersAug 1, 20188 citations

Phonon-bottlenecked spin relaxation of Er $^{3+}$ :CaWO $_4$ at milliKelvin temperaturesPhonon-bottlenecked spin relaxation of Er$^{3+}$:CaWO$_4$ at milliKelvin temperatures

S. Rajendran, B. Mistri, P. K. Sharma +5 more

We study spin-lattice relaxation times of electron spins in Er $^{3+}$ :CaWO $_4$ at millikelvin temperature, detected via their coupling to a low-mode volume superconducting resonator. At large magnetic field supporting strong phonon-emission rates, we observe a noticeable increase in relaxation times with increasing spin-excitations, which exhibit a unique $[\tanh (\hbar ω_0/k_\text{B} T)]^2$ temperature dependence. These observations are typical of a phonon-bottlenecked spin relaxation, and have implications for quantum technologies that exploit rare-earth spin ensembles as coherent resources.We study spin-lattice relaxation times of electron spins in Er$^{3+}$:CaWO$_4$ at millikelvin temperature, detected via their coupling to a low-mode volume superconducting resonator. At large magnetic field supporting strong phonon-emission rates, we observe a noticeable increase in relaxation times with increasing spin-excitations, which exhibit a unique $[\tanh (\hbar ω_0/k_\text{B} T)]^2$ temperature dependence. These observations are typical of a phonon-bottlenecked spin relaxation, and have implications for quantum technologies that exploit rare-earth spin ensembles as coherent resources.

quant-pharXiv:2605.18208May 19, 20260 citations

Coherent spin dynamics in a gadolinium-doped CaWO4 crystal

E. I. Baibekov, Marat Revgerovich Gafurov, Д. Г. Зверев +4 more

We report the first observation of Rabi oscillations in the spin-7/2 ensemble of trivalent gadolinium ions hosted in $\mathrm{CaW}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ single crystal. A number of transitions within the lowest electronic multiplet ${}^{8}{S}_{7/\phantom{72}\phantom{\rule{0.0pt}{0ex}}2}$ of $\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{d}}^{3+}$ ion are studied using a combination of continuous-wave and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The corresponding Rabi damping curves and the spin coherence times are detected at varying strengths of the microwave field. These data are well reproduced by a theoretical model which accounts for the intrinsic inhomogeneity of the microwave field within the microwave resonator and the magnetic dipole interactions in the diluted spin ensemble. The results indicate that the studied 8-level ground manifold of $\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{d}}^{3+}$ ion can represent an effective three-qubit quantum system.We report the first observation of Rabi oscillations in the spin-7/2 ensemble of trivalent gadolinium ions hosted in $\mathrm{CaW}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ single crystal. A number of transitions within the lowest electronic multiplet ${}^{8}{S}_{7/\phantom{72}\phantom{\rule{0.0pt}{0ex}}2}$ of $\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{d}}^{3+}$ ion are studied using a combination of continuous-wave and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The corresponding Rabi damping curves and the spin coherence times are detected at varying strengths of the microwave field. These data are well reproduced by a theoretical model which accounts for the intrinsic inhomogeneity of the microwave field within the microwave resonator and the magnetic dipole interactions in the diluted spin ensemble. The results indicate that the studied 8-level ground manifold of $\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{d}}^{3+}$ ion can represent an effective three-qubit quantum system.

arXiv:1610.04737Physical review. B./Physical review. BFeb 24, 201729 citations

Characterization of Yb 3 + 171 : YVO 4 for photonic quantum technologies

Jonathan M. Kindem, John G. Bartholomew, Philip J. T. Woodburn +5 more

Rare-earth ion crystals are a promising platform for implementing solid-state quantum interfaces, yet there are few combinations of rare-earth and host crystals that simultaneously deliver large optical absorption, narrow inhomogeneous linewidths, and long coherence times. This work investigates the optical and spin properties of ${}^{171}$ Yb ${}^{3+}$ ions in YVO ${}_{4}$ . The observed properties and simple energy-level structure of the ${}^{171}$ Yb ${}^{3+}$ ion show that this material has significant potential for creating efficient quantum interfaces, such as ensemble-based memories, microwave-to-optical transducers, and optically addressable single rare-earth ion spin qubits.Rare-earth ion crystals are a promising platform for implementing solid-state quantum interfaces, yet there are few combinations of rare-earth and host crystals that simultaneously deliver large optical absorption, narrow inhomogeneous linewidths, and long coherence times. This work investigates the optical and spin properties of ${}^{171}$Yb${}^{3+}$ ions in YVO${}_{4}$. The observed properties and simple energy-level structure of the ${}^{171}$Yb${}^{3+}$ ion show that this material has significant potential for creating efficient quantum interfaces, such as ensemble-based memories, microwave-to-optical transducers, and optically addressable single rare-earth ion spin qubits.

arXiv:1805.01068Physical review. B./Physical review. BJul 5, 201859 citations

Coherent spin dynamics of impurity

{\text{Yb}}^{3+}

ions in the

{\text{CaWO}}_{4}

single crystal has been studied using

X

- and

W

-band EPR. Rabi oscillations of the sample magnetization with damping times comparable to their period, driven by pulses of the microwave field with duration up to

5\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{s}

, were observed. The largest value of the single-qubit figure of merit

(\ensuremath{\sim}6400)

is obtained for the high-field component in the

^{171}\text{Y}\text{b}

X

-band EPR spectrum. The spin-lattice relaxation time of the

{\text{Yb}}^{3+}

W

band can be used for the application of rare-earth ions as qubits in quantum computing as it has been proposed recently.

Sub-second spin and lifetime-limited optical coherences in

^{171}

^{3+}

:CaWO

_4

^{171}

^{3+}

ions doped into a CaWO

_4

crystal. We perform high-resolution spectroscopy of the excited state, and demonstrate all-optical coherent control of the electron-nuclear spin ensemble. We find narrow inhomogeneous broadening of the optical transitions of 185 MHz and radiative-lifetime-limited coherence time up to 0.75~ms. Next to this, we measure a spin-transition ensemble line width of 5 kHz and electron-nuclear spin coherence time reaching 0.15~seconds at zero magnetic field between 50~mK and 1~K temperatures. These results demonstrate the potential of

^{171}

^{3+}

:CaWO

_4

as a low-noise platform for building quantum technologies with ensemble-based memories, microwave-to-optical transducers, and optically addressable single-ion spin qubits.

^{145}\mathrm{Nd}

and Yb, doped into

{\mathrm{Y}}_{\text{2}}{\mathrm{SiO}}_{\text{5}}

, coupled to a planar microwave resonator in the high-cooperativity regime, in the temperature range

1.2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}

14\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK}

. We identify relevant decoherence mechanisms, including instantaneous diffusion arising from resonant spins and temperature-dependent spectral diffusion from impurity electron and nuclear spins in the environment. We explore two methods to mitigate the effects of spectral diffusion in the Yb system in the low-temperature limit, first, using magnetic fields of up to 1 T to suppress impurity spin dynamics and, second, using transitions with low effective

g

factors to reduce sensitivity to such dynamics. Finally, we demonstrate how the ``clock transition'' present in the

^{171}\mathrm{Yb}

system at zero field can be used to increase coherence times up to

{T}_{2}=6(1)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ms}

Phonon-bottlenecked spin relaxation of Er

^{3+}

:CaWO

_4

at milliKelvin temperatures

We study spin-lattice relaxation times of electron spins in Er

^{3+}

:CaWO

_4

at millikelvin temperature, detected via their coupling to a low-mode volume superconducting resonator. At large magnetic field supporting strong phonon-emission rates, we observe a noticeable increase in relaxation times with increasing spin-excitations, which exhibit a unique

[\tanh (\hbar ω_0/k_\text{B} T)]^2

temperature dependence. These observations are typical of a phonon-bottlenecked spin relaxation, and have implications for quantum technologies that exploit rare-earth spin ensembles as coherent resources.

We report the first observation of Rabi oscillations in the spin-7/2 ensemble of trivalent gadolinium ions hosted in

\mathrm{CaW}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}

single crystal. A number of transitions within the lowest electronic multiplet

{}^{8}{S}_{7/\phantom{72}\phantom{\rule{0.0pt}{0ex}}2}

\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{d}}^{3+}

ion are studied using a combination of continuous-wave and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The corresponding Rabi damping curves and the spin coherence times are detected at varying strengths of the microwave field. These data are well reproduced by a theoretical model which accounts for the intrinsic inhomogeneity of the microwave field within the microwave resonator and the magnetic dipole interactions in the diluted spin ensemble. The results indicate that the studied 8-level ground manifold of

\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{d}}^{3+}

ion can represent an effective three-qubit quantum system.

{}^{171}

{}^{3+}

ions in YVO

{}_{4}

. The observed properties and simple energy-level structure of the

{}^{171}

{}^{3+}

ion show that this material has significant potential for creating efficient quantum interfaces, such as ensemble-based memories, microwave-to-optical transducers, and optically addressable single rare-earth ion spin qubits.