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Optics Letters

Active control of light slowing enabled by coupling electromagnetic metamaterials with low-lossy graphene

Jing Chen, X. Li, Xi Shi, Chunzhen Fan, M. Tuhtasun, Xiaoyong He, W. Shi, Feng Liu

Published Oct 2, 2018• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We theoretically investigate dynamical control of light slowing within the induced transparent window, e.g., in near-infrared frequencies, in electromagnetically induced transparent (EIT) metamaterials loaded by low-lossy graphene. Coupling with graphene enables distinctive optical responses of the "bright" and "dark" resonators in EIT metamaterials, rendering a switching of the transparent window and a modulation on light dispersion. Optical performance of the transparent window manifests continuous tuning as the graphene doping level changes. We show that the active modulation on optical properties of the transparent window enabled by low-lossy graphene is distinctive either by passively adjusting the interspacing between the building blocks of EIT metamaterials, or active tuning by high-lossy graphene. Furthermore, we report that the group refractive index can be in situ tuned dynamically over a broad range, e.g., ∼2 orders for near-infrared frequencies, together with absorption maintained at a level similar to that of the unloaded structure. Our study offers new possibilities towards chip-scale devices, such as active optical switching, filtering, and data storing.

DOI
10.1364/ol.43.004891

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We theoretically investigate dynamical control of light slowing within the induced transparent window, e.g., in near-infrared frequencies, in electromagnetically induced transparent (EIT) metamaterials loaded by low-lossy graphene. Coupling with graphene enables distinctive optical responses of the "bright" and "dark" resonators in EIT metamaterials, rendering a switching of the transparent window and a modulation on light dispersion. Optical performance of the transparent window manifests continuous tuning as the graphene doping level changes. We show that the active modulation on optical properties of the transparent window enabled by low-lossy graphene is distinctive either by passively adjusting the interspacing between the building blocks of EIT metamaterials, or active tuning by high-lossy graphene. Furthermore, we report that the group refractive index can be in situ tuned dynamically over a broad range, e.g., ∼2 orders for near-infrared frequencies, together with absorption maintained at a level similar to that of the unloaded structure. Our study offers new possibilities towards chip-scale devices, such as active optical switching, filtering, and data storing.
Abstract Based on graphene, an ultra-broadband electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) window with dynamic tunability is realized in theory. Through altering the Fermi level of graphene that can be regulated by the external voltage, the EIT window and the EIT effect, especially the slow-wave effect, can be easily adjusted. Moreover, the bandwidth of the EIT window can be changed by the incidence angle, achieving the transformation from broadband to narrowband. At the same time, by discussing the polarization state and loss index, the characteristics of polarization insensitivity and low loss are proved. Additionally, the influences of other parameters are discussed, such as the relaxation time of graphene and coupling distance. These unique features enable the designed EIT metamaterial to be masterly applied to optical switches, optical modulators, and slow-light devices.
Abstract Active control of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in metamaterials promises tremendous potential applications. However, previously reported strategies most require sensitive materials as well as additional experimental apparatus, which are inconvenient for on-chip operation and restrain their implementations in fully integrated design. We propose a low-loss all-dielectric metamaterial with orthogonal double bright modes, which shows a narrowband transparency window at 950.05 nm with a high Q -factor of 2111. Just by varying the incident light polarization angle, an on-to-off in-situ EIT modulation without changing Q -factor is perfectly achieved, and the modulation depth can be up to 99.7%. Additionally, optical control of group delay with up to 36.22 ps is also demonstrated. This work provides a simple route to design chip-scale devices with optically dynamic controllability and finds fascinating applications in low-loss active slow light devices, optical switch and sensitive bio-sensing.
We investigate the plasmonic analog of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) using two adjacent graphene-based Fabry-Perot (F-P) resonators side coupling to a nanoribbon waveguide. By the coupling mode theory in time and F-P resonant model, the destructive interference from the coupling of the two F-P resonators results in the EIT-like optical response. The induced peak and width of the transparency window can be dynamically manipulated by varying the coupling distance of the two resonators, and the transparent window is easily shifted by tuning the resonator length or the chemical potential of the graphene nanoribbon. In order to verify the characteristics of slow light, the group index profile is analyzed at different coupling distances. The proposed graphene-based EIT-like system could open up new opportunities for potential applications in plasmonic slow light and optical information buffering devices.
We demonstrate and analyze the use of metamaterials featuring an analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in slow light technology. For most metamaterials, EIT-like effects suffer from intrinsic ohmic loss, and the metamaterial-based slow-light effect can only be tuned passively, which limits their application in slow light devices. We propose a hybrid metamaterial with a unit cell composed of a ring resonator formed from photoactive silicon (Si) and a rectangular bar formed from metallic silver (Ag). Based on an analogue of EIT in the designed hybrid metamaterial, we theoretically demonstrate an all-optical tunable slow-light effect in the telecommunication window. We successfully demonstrate the possibility of designing novel all-optical tunable chip-scale slow-light devices that could be used in optical buffering.
In this work, using finite-difference time-domain method, we propose and numerically demonstrate a novel way to achieve electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) phenomenon in the reflection spectrum by stacking two different types of coupling effect among different elements of the designed metamaterial. Compared with the conventional EIT-like analogues coming from only one type of coupling effect between bright and dark meta-atoms on the same plane, to our knowledge the novel approach is the first to realize the optically active and precise control of the wavelength position of EIT-like phenomenon using optical metamaterials. An on-to-off dynamic control of the EIT-like phenomenon also can be achieved by changing the refractive index of the dielectric substrate via adjusting an optical pump pulse. Furthermore, in near infrared region, the metamaterial structure can be operated as an ultra-high resolution refractive index sensor with an ultra-high figure of merit (FOM) reaching 3200, which remarkably improve the FOM value of plasmonic refractive index sensors. The novel approach realizing EIT-like spectral shape with easy adjustment to the working wavelengths will open up new avenues for future research and practical application of active plasmonic switch, ultra-high resolution sensors and active slow-light devices.
Metamaterials, or artificial materials with optical properties not known for natural materials, have recently been used to demonstrate unusual optical phenomena, such as negative refraction, perfect lenses, subwavelength components, and electromagnetic invisibility cloaks. Most of the metamaterials designed to date are periodic structures containing a single resonating element in each unit cell, such as a split-ring resonator (SRR), a cutwire, or a slab-wire pair [1]. In this contribution, we demonstrate that a metamaterial with two coupled SRRs can exhibit an effect reminiscent of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), a coherent process normally observed in three-level atomic media [2]. Due to this process, a small transparency window with low absorption appears in the spectral response of the metamaterial. Simultaneously, extremely steep normal dispersion is observed in the transparency window, which is useful for slow-light applications.