A photon-echo nuclear double resonance (PENDOR) experiment which detects nuclear magnetic resonances by monitoring the stimulated photon-echo intensity after the application of an rf pulse is described and used to determine the Cr-Al hyperfine and electric-quadrupole interaction parameters associated with the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ion in the $^{2}E(\overline{E})$ optically excited state in ruby. Most of these parameters are found to be within a few percent of the values associated with ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ in the $^{4}A_{2}$ ground state. Resonances are also observed associated with the latter, state, and they are in agreement with previous spin-echo ENDOR work. High resolution is obtained by using a gated cw ruby laser which generates a rapid train of three-pulse stimulated-photon echoes with a long time interval between the second and third excitation pulses. The theoretical behavior of the PENDOR effect is discussed with emphasis on the ability to disentangle complicated multiple overlapping resonances by causing whole sets of resonances to disappear in a controlled way.A photon-echo nuclear double resonance (PENDOR) experiment which detects nuclear magnetic resonances by monitoring the stimulated photon-echo intensity after the application of an rf pulse is described and used to determine the Cr-Al hyperfine and electric-quadrupole interaction parameters associated with the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ion in the $^{2}E(\overline{E})$ optically excited state in ruby. Most of these parameters are found to be within a few percent of the values associated with ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ in the $^{4}A_{2}$ ground state. Resonances are also observed associated with the latter, state, and they are in agreement with previous spin-echo ENDOR work. High resolution is obtained by using a gated cw ruby laser which generates a rapid train of three-pulse stimulated-photon echoes with a long time interval between the second and third excitation pulses. The theoretical behavior of the PENDOR effect is discussed with emphasis on the ability to disentangle complicated multiple overlapping resonances by causing whole sets of resonances to disappear in a controlled way.

Physical Review AJan 1, 197443 citations

Optically-detected spin-echo method for relaxation times measurements in a Rb atomic vapor

Mohammadreza Gharavipour, C. Affolderbach, Florian Gruet +4 more

We introduce and demonstrate an experimental method, optically-detected spin-echo (ODSE), to measure ground-state relaxation times of a rubidium (Rb) atomic vapor held in a glass cell with buffergas.The work is motivated by our studies on high-performance Rb atomic clocks, where both population and coherence relaxation times (T 1 and T 2 , respectively) of the 'clock transition' (5) are relevant.Our ODSE method is inspired by classical nuclear magnetic resonance spin-echo method, combined with optical detection.In contrast to other existing methods, like continuous-wave double-resonance (CW-DR) and Ramsey-DR, principles of the ODSE method allow suppression of decoherence arising from the inhomogeneity of the static magnetic field across the vapor cell, thus enabling measurements of intrinsic relaxation rates, as properties of the cell alone.Our experimental result for the coherence relaxation time, specific for the clock transition, measured with the ODSE method is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction, and the ODSE results are validated by comparison to those obtained with Franzen, CW-DR and Ramsey-DR methods.The method is of interest for a wide variety of quantum optics experiments with optical signal readout.We introduce and demonstrate an experimental method, optically-detected spin-echo (ODSE), to measure ground-state relaxation times of a rubidium (Rb) atomic vapor held in a glass cell with buffergas.The work is motivated by our studies on high-performance Rb atomic clocks, where both population and coherence relaxation times (T 1 and T 2 , respectively) of the 'clock transition' (5) are relevant.Our ODSE method is inspired by classical nuclear magnetic resonance spin-echo method, combined with optical detection.In contrast to other existing methods, like continuous-wave double-resonance (CW-DR) and Ramsey-DR, principles of the ODSE method allow suppression of decoherence arising from the inhomogeneity of the static magnetic field across the vapor cell, thus enabling measurements of intrinsic relaxation rates, as properties of the cell alone.Our experimental result for the coherence relaxation time, specific for the clock transition, measured with the ODSE method is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction, and the ODSE results are validated by comparison to those obtained with Franzen, CW-DR and Ramsey-DR methods.The method is of interest for a wide variety of quantum optics experiments with optical signal readout.

New Journal of PhysicsMay 17, 201710 citations

Multiple quantum transitions

P. Jung

PhysicaJul 1, 19611 citation

Multiple-Quantum Transitions

Princeton University Press eBooksApr 13, 20210 citations

Efficient generation of Raman echo and time-domain optical data storage by electromagnetically induced transparency

Myung K. Kim, Philip Hemmer, Byoung Seung HAM +1 more

We have observed excitation of spin echoes and spin free induction decay (FID) by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in an optically dense solid sample. The experiments are done in a double-lambda system of 605.7 nm 3H4 - 1D2 transition of Pr3+:Y2SiO5, where the 10.2 MHz ground state spin coherence is excited by low-power resonant Raman pulses. It has been shown that the spin coherence, including spin echo, is equivalent to the transparent state of EIT, and therefore a high efficiency is expected for such resonant Raman-excited spin echo. The observed efficiency of spin echo is as high as 75% of the FID signal at 5K. A background-free detection scheme is used based on EIT and enhanced nondegenerate four-wave mixing. The technique is applied in the frequency-selective time-domain optical data storage, that utilizes the spin as well as the optical inhomogeneous spectral widths. The data storage scheme is analogous to the stimulated spin echo with resonant Raman excitation of the spin coherence. We verify that the write window is determined by the spin T2 which is much longer than the optical T2, especially at higher temperature. We find that the spin dephasing time T2 is almost constant at approximately 500 microseconds in the range of 2 to approximately 6 K, whereas the optical T2 decreases rapidly, by a factor of approximately 50, above 4 K. These results will be useful in the development of high capacity time-domain optical data storage operating at higher temperature.We have observed excitation of spin echoes and spin free induction decay (FID) by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in an optically dense solid sample. The experiments are done in a double-lambda system of 605.7 nm 3H4 - 1D2 transition of Pr3+:Y2SiO5, where the 10.2 MHz ground state spin coherence is excited by low-power resonant Raman pulses. It has been shown that the spin coherence, including spin echo, is equivalent to the transparent state of EIT, and therefore a high efficiency is expected for such resonant Raman-excited spin echo. The observed efficiency of spin echo is as high as 75% of the FID signal at 5K. A background-free detection scheme is used based on EIT and enhanced nondegenerate four-wave mixing. The technique is applied in the frequency-selective time-domain optical data storage, that utilizes the spin as well as the optical inhomogeneous spectral widths. The data storage scheme is analogous to the stimulated spin echo with resonant Raman excitation of the spin coherence. We verify that the write window is determined by the spin T2 which is much longer than the optical T2, especially at higher temperature. We find that the spin dephasing time T2 is almost constant at approximately 500 microseconds in the range of 2 to approximately 6 K, whereas the optical T2 decreases rapidly, by a factor of approximately 50, above 4 K. These results will be useful in the development of high capacity time-domain optical data storage operating at higher temperature.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIENov 5, 19981 citation

{\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}

ion in the

^{2}E(\overline{E})

optically excited state in ruby. Most of these parameters are found to be within a few percent of the values associated with

{\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}

in the

^{4}A_{2}

ground state. Resonances are also observed associated with the latter, state, and they are in agreement with previous spin-echo ENDOR work. High resolution is obtained by using a gated cw ruby laser which generates a rapid train of three-pulse stimulated-photon echoes with a long time interval between the second and third excitation pulses. The theoretical behavior of the PENDOR effect is discussed with emphasis on the ability to disentangle complicated multiple overlapping resonances by causing whole sets of resonances to disappear in a controlled way.