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Noise affecting photon pair generation in silicon wire waveguide

Stéphane Clemmen, Arthur Perret, Wim Bogaerts, Roel Baets

Published Jan 31, 2011• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

Abstract: We study quantitatively the weak source of noise that is presentwhen correlated photons are produced via four wave mixing in siliconnanophotonic waveguides. First, we deduce the amont of noise from thedependance of the photon flux on the pump power. Second we cara cterisethe spectrum of the noise and of the pairs of photons which shows that thenoise is due to a scattering of photons by a thermal bath. Third we show thatthe photon flux (noise plus pairs) is essentially instantane ous, and cannottherefore be attributed to carrier induced effects. We discuss our results andcompare them to photon pair generation in silica fibers. © 2011 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (270.0270) Quantum optics; (270.2500) Quantum optics, Fluctuations, relax-ations, and noise; (190.3270) Nonlinear optics, Ker effect; (190.5650) Nonlinear optics, Ramanscattering References and links 1. M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (Cambridge, 2000).2. M. Fiorentino, P. L. Voss, J. E. Sharping, and P. Kumar, ”All-fiber photon-pair source for quantum communica-tions,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14, 983 (2002).3. X. Li, J. Chen, P. Voss, J. Sharping, and P. Kumar, ”All-fiber photon-pair source for quantumcommunications: Improved generation of correlated photons,” Opt. Express 12, 3737-3744 (2004),http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-16-3737.4. H. Takesue and K. Inoue, ”Generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs and violation of Bells inequalityusing spontaneous four-wave mixing in a fiber loop,” Phys. Rev. A 70, 031802(R) (2004).5. J. E. Sharping, K. F. Lee, M. A. Foster, A. C. Turner, B. S. Schmidt, M. Lipson, A. L. Gaeta, and P. Kumar,”Generation of correlated photons in nanoscale silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 14, 12388-12393 (2006),http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-25-12388.6. Q. Lin and Govind P. Agrawal, ”Silicon waveguides for creating quantum-correlated photon pairs”, Opt. Lett.21, 3140–3142 (2006), http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-31-21-3140.7. H. Takesue, Y. Tokura, H. Fukuda, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada, and S.-I. Itabashi, ”Entanglementgeneration using silicon wire waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 201108 (2007).8. H. Takesue, H. Fukuda, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada, Y. Tokura, and S.-I. Itabashi, ”Generationof polarization entangled photon pairs using silicon wire waveguide,” Opt. Express 16, 5721-5727 (2008),http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-8-5721.

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Abstract: We study quantitatively the weak source of noise that is presentwhen correlated photons are produced via four wave mixing in siliconnanophotonic waveguides. First, we deduce the amont of noise from thedependance of the photon flux on the pump power. Second we cara cterisethe spectrum of the noise and of the pairs of photons which shows that thenoise is due to a scattering of photons by a thermal bath. Third we show thatthe photon flux (noise plus pairs) is essentially instantane ous, and cannottherefore be attributed to carrier induced effects. We discuss our results andcompare them to photon pair generation in silica fibers. © 2011 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (270.0270) Quantum optics; (270.2500) Quantum optics, Fluctuations, relax-ations, and noise; (190.3270) Nonlinear optics, Ker effect; (190.5650) Nonlinear optics, Ramanscattering References and links 1. M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (Cambridge, 2000).2. M. Fiorentino, P. L. Voss, J. E. Sharping, and P. Kumar, ”All-fiber photon-pair source for quantum communica-tions,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14, 983 (2002).3. X. Li, J. Chen, P. Voss, J. Sharping, and P. Kumar, ”All-fiber photon-pair source for quantumcommunications: Improved generation of correlated photons,” Opt. Express 12, 3737-3744 (2004),http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-16-3737.4. H. Takesue and K. Inoue, ”Generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs and violation of Bells inequalityusing spontaneous four-wave mixing in a fiber loop,” Phys. Rev. A 70, 031802(R) (2004).5. J. E. Sharping, K. F. Lee, M. A. Foster, A. C. Turner, B. S. Schmidt, M. Lipson, A. L. Gaeta, and P. Kumar,”Generation of correlated photons in nanoscale silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 14, 12388-12393 (2006),http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-25-12388.6. Q. Lin and Govind P. Agrawal, ”Silicon waveguides for creating quantum-correlated photon pairs”, Opt. Lett.21, 3140–3142 (2006), http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-31-21-3140.7. H. Takesue, Y. Tokura, H. Fukuda, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada, and S.-I. Itabashi, ”Entanglementgeneration using silicon wire waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 201108 (2007).8. H. Takesue, H. Fukuda, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada, Y. Tokura, and S.-I. Itabashi, ”Generationof polarization entangled photon pairs using silicon wire waveguide,” Opt. Express 16, 5721-5727 (2008),http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-8-5721.
Abstract We present a semi-classical numerical model to estimate the impact of linear scattering loss and nonlinear absorption losses on the biphoton flux and their quantum correlations generated via spontaneous four-wave mixing in silicon nanowaveguides. The counter-intuitive observed enhancement of pair correlations with increasing loss is attributed to the dominant effect of reduced accidental counts from multiphoton generation, with a corresponding trade-off for the source brightness. Silicon nanowaveguides are shown to be capable of generating highly correlated paired photons with coincidental-to-accidental ratio as high as ∼3400 and spectral brightness 2.8 × 10 4 pairs s−1 GHz−1 mW−1, even in the presence of linear propagation loss of 1 dB cm−1 and nonlinear losses (two-photon absorption and free-carrier absorption), over a length of 1 cm with an input pump power of 10 mW. Loss and the corresponding Langevin noise are modeled using distributed beam splitters along the waveguide length to encapsulate the phenomenological coupling to the background reservoir (vacuum fluctuations). The proposed numerical model is more general compared to previous analytical models, particularly for including dispersion and wavelength-dependent losses, and more accurate for noise estimation in the high-photon-flux regime such as optical parametric amplifiers and squeezed state generation.
Correlated photon pairs at 1.5μm are generated in a silicon wire waveguide (SWW) with a length of only 1.6mm. Experimental results show that the single-side count rates on both sides increase quadratically with pump light, indicating that photons are generated from the spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) processes. The quantum correlation property of the generated photons is demonstrated by the ratio between coincident and accidental coincident count rates. The highest ratio measured at room temperature is to be about 19, showing that generated photon pairs have strong quantum correlation property and low noise. What is more, the wavelength correlation property of the coincident count is also measured to demonstrate the correlated photon pair generation. The experimental results demonstrate that SWWs have great potential in on-chip integrated low-noise correlated photon pair sources at 1.5 μm.
In this paper, correlated photon pairs at 1.55μm are generated in a silicon wire waveguidewith a length of 1.6 mm. The ratio between coincidence count rate and accidental coincidence count rate under room temperature is 19, showing the property of low Raman noise and strong quantum correlation. Moreover, the experiment shows that photon pair generation isstrongly dependent on pump polarization direction. Using quantum perturbation theory, we analyze the contribution of scalar and vectorspontaneous four-wave mixing processes to the generated photon pairs. Due tohigh nonlinear coefficient and high coupling efficiency, the generation rate in quasi-TE mode is much larger than that in quasi-TM mode.The combination of calculated photon pair generation rates through scalar and vector spontaneous four-wave mixing processes agrees well with the experimental result.
In this paper, correlated photon pairs at 1.55μm are generated in a silicon wire waveguidewith a length of 1.6 mm. The ratio between coincidence count rate and accidental coincidence count rate under room temperature is 19, showing the property of low Raman noise and strong quantum correlation. Moreover, the experiment shows that photon pair generation isstrongly dependent on pump polarization direction. Using quantum perturbation theory, we analyze the contribution of scalar and vectorspontaneous four-wave mixing processes to the generated photon pairs. Due tohigh nonlinear coefficient and high coupling efficiency, the generation rate in quasi-TE mode is much larger than that in quasi-TM mode. The combination of calculated photon pair generation rates through scalar and vector spontaneous four-wave mixing processes agrees well with the experimental result.