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Communications on Stochastic Analysis

Roots of states

B. V. Rajarama Bhat

Published Mar 1, 2012• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Given a state φ on a unital C * -algebra A we look at unital quantum dynamical semigroups {τt} t≥0 on A such that τt 0 (•) = φ(•)I for some t 0 > 0. We see that for the von Neumann algebra B(H), such quantum dynamical semigroups dilate to semigroups of unital * -endomorphisms ( E 0semigroups) in standard form and conversely all E 0 -semigroups in standard form arise this way.

DOI
10.31390/cosa.6.1.08

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Given a state φ on a unital C * -algebra A we look at unital quantum dynamical semigroups {τt} t≥0 on A such that τt 0 (•) = φ(•)I for some t 0 > 0. We see that for the von Neumann algebra B(H), such quantum dynamical semigroups dilate to semigroups of unital * -endomorphisms ( E 0semigroups) in standard form and conversely all E 0 -semigroups in standard form arise this way.
DILATION OF ARBITRARY SYMMETRIC QUANTUM DYNAMICAL SEMIGROUPS ON B(H)B({\mathcal H})B(H)
In this chapter, we define and explore basic properties of a quantum Markov semigroup { I t , t ≥ 0} of linear maps on the C* -algebra or von Neumann algebra A that characterizes the quantum system. The quantum Markov semigroup (QMS) plays a key role in describing quantum Markov processes that are to be explored in the subsequent chapters. The concept of QMS extends the semigroup of probability transition operators { T t , t ≥ 0} for a classical Markov process to its noncommutative counterpart. Suppose the classical Markov process { X t , t ≥ 0} is defined on the complete filtered classical probability space (Ω, Ƒ, P ; {Ƒ t , t ≥ 0}) and with values in a measurable space (핏, B (X)). Recall that for each t ≥ 0, the probability transition operator T t : L ∞ (X, B (X)) → L ∞ (X, B (X)) by ( T t f )( X s ) = E x [ f ( X s + t ) | Ƒ s ] ∀ s , t ≥ 0. A semigroup of linear maps on the C* -algebra or von Neumann algebra A is said to be a quantum dynamical semigroup (QDS) if (i) I 0 = J (the identity operator on A ); (ii) I t I s = I t + s for all t , s ≥ 0; (iii) I t is completely positive for each t ≥ 0; and (iv) I t is σ weakly continuous on A , i.e., a ↦ tr ( ρI t ( a )) is continuous from A to ℂ for each ρ ∈ S ( A ) (the space of quantum states) and for each t ≥ 0. If in addition I t ( I ) = I , (respectively, I t ( I ) ≤ I ) for all t ≥ 0, then the QDS is said to be a quantum Makrov semigroup (QMS) (respectively, quantum sub-Markov semigroup).
In Chapter 6 we built a theory of quantum stochastic dilation ‘naturally’ associated with an arbitrary Q.D.S. on a von Neumann or C * -algebra with bounded generator. There the computations involved C * or von Neumann Hilbert modules, using the results of [24], map-valued quantum stochastic processes on modules and quantum stochastic integration with respect to them, developed in Chapter 5. It is now natural to consider the case of a Q.D.S. with unbounded generator and ask the same questions about the possibility of dilation. As one would expect, the problem is too intractable in this generality and we need to impose some further structures on it. In this chapter we shall consider a few classes of such Q.D.S. and try to construct H–P and E–H dilation for them. At first, we shall work under the framework of a Lie group action on the underlying algebra, and consider covariant Q.D.S. For H–P dilation, symmetry with respect to a trace is also assumed, whereas a general theory for E–H dilation has been built under the assumption of covariance under the action of a compact group, but without it being symmetric. Then, in the last section, we deal with a class of Q.D.S. on the U.H.F. algebra, described in Chapter 3. In this case, E–H dilation is constructed by a direct iteration using some natural estimates. However, what is common to the methods used in constructing dilation for the different kinds of Q.D.S. mentioned above is the use of a natural locally convex topology, in which the generator (unbounded in the norm topology) is continuous.
In Lecture “Lecture 10: Derivations and Generators. K.M.S. Condition. Elements of Modular Structure. Standard Form” we have discussed some aspects of quantum dynamics when it is represented by a one-parameter group of automorphisms of a C∗C^*C∗ -algebra.
A well-known theorem of W. Arveson states that a completely positive (CP) map dominated (difference is CP) by a given CP map is described through a positive contraction in the commutant of the homomorphism of Stinespring representation. This contraction plays the role of Radon-Nikodym derivative of measure theory. We look at implications of this to one parameter semigroups of unital completely positive maps, known as quantum Markov semigroups. We focus our attention to quantum Markov semigroups of B(H), the algebra of all bounded operators on a Hilbert space. These semigroups can be dilated to semigroups of unital endomorphisms (E₀-semigroups) of B(K) for some other Hilbert space K. Here we see that dominated CP semigroups dilate to dominated semigroups of the dilation. Moreover at the level of Eo-semigroups the dominated CP semigroups are described through positive contractive local cocycles, which are really families of contractions of 'Radon-Nikodym derivatives' mentioned above. We analyze the structure for quantum semigroups with bounded generators.