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Ground state overlap, quantum phase transitions and the orthogonality catastrophe

Paolo Zanardi A, Nikola Paunković

Published Dec 29, 2005• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We present a characterization of quantum phase transitions in terms of the the overlap function between two ground states obtained for two different values of external parameters. On the examples of the Dicke and XY models, we show that the regions of criticality of a system are marked by the extremal points of the overlap and functions closely related to it. Further, we discuss the connections of this approach and with the Anderson orthogonality catastrophe as well as with the dynamical study of the Loschmidt echo for critical systems.

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We present a characterization of quantum phase transitions in terms of the the overlap function between two ground states obtained for two different values of external parameters. On the examples of the Dicke and XY models, we show that the regions of criticality of a system are marked by the extremal points of the overlap and functions closely related to it. Further, we discuss the connections of this approach and with the Anderson orthogonality catastrophe as well as with the dynamical study of the Loschmidt echo for critical systems.
We present a characterization of quantum phase transitions in terms of the the overlap function between two ground states obtained for two different values of external parameters. On the examples of the Dicke and XY models, we show that the regions of criticality of a system are marked by the extremal points of the overlap and functions closely related to it. Further, we discuss the connections between this approach and the Anderson orthogonality catastrophe as well as with the dynamical study of the Loschmidt echo for critical systems.
Overlap with the separable state is introduced in this article for the purpose of characterizing the overall correlation in many-body systems. This definition has clear geometric and physical meaning and moreover can be considered as the generalization of the concept of the Anderson orthogonality catastrophe. As an exemplification, it is used to mark the phase transition in the Dicke model for zero and finite temperatures, and the discussion shows that it can faithfully reflect the phase transition properties of this model whether for zero or finite temperature. Furthermore, the overlap for the ground state also indicates the appearance of multipartite entanglement in the Dicke model.
We show that for quantum phase transitions with a single bosonic zero mode at the critical point, like the Dicke model and the Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model, metric quantities such as fidelity, that is, the overlap between two ground states corresponding to two values ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{2}$ of the controlling parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, depend only on the ratio $\ensuremath{\eta}=({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{c})/({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{c})$, where $\ensuremath{\lambda}={\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{c}$ at the critical point. This scaling property is valid also for time-dependent quantities such as the Loschmidt echo, provided time is measured in units of the inverse frequency of the critical mode.
We study ground-state fidelity defined as the overlap between two ground states of the same quantum system obtained for slightly different values of the parameters of its Hamiltonian. We focus on the thermodynamic regime of the XYXYXY model and the neighborhood of its critical points. We describe extensively fidelity when it is dominated by the universal contribution reflecting the quantum criticality of the phase transition. We show that proximity to the multicritical point leads to anomalous scaling of fidelity. We also discuss fidelity in a regime characterized by pronounced oscillations resulting from the change in either the system size or the parameters of the Hamiltonian. Moreover, we show when fidelity is dominated by non-universal contributions, study fidelity in the extended Ising model, and illustrate how our results provide additional insight into dynamics of quantum phase transitions. Special attention is given to studies of fidelity from the momentum space perspective. All our main results are obtained analytically. They are in excellent agreement with numerics.
We study the nodes of the wavefunction overlap between ground states of a parameter-dependent Hamiltonian. These nodes are topological, and we can use them to analyze in a unifying way both equilibrium and dynamical quantum phase transitions in multi-band systems. We define the Loschmidt index as the number of nodes in this overlap and discuss the relationship between this index and the wrapping number of a closed auxiliary hypersurface. This relationship allows us to compute this index systematically, using an integral representation of the wrapping number. We comment on the relationship between the Loschmidt index and other well-established topological numbers. As an example, we classify the equilibrium and dynamical quantum phase transitions of the XY model by counting the nodes in the wavefunction overlaps.