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arXiv:1002.2039 · Physical Review A

Overlap of quantum many-body states with a separable state and phase transitions in the Dicke model: Zero and finite temperature

H. T. Cui

Published Apr 30, 2010• 4 citations
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Abstract

Overlap with the separable state is introduced in this article for the purpose of characterizing the overall correlation in many-body systems. This definition has clear geometric and physical meaning and moreover can be considered as the generalization of the concept of the Anderson orthogonality catastrophe. As an exemplification, it is used to mark the phase transition in the Dicke model for zero and finite temperatures, and the discussion shows that it can faithfully reflect the phase transition properties of this model whether for zero or finite temperature. Furthermore, the overlap for the ground state also indicates the appearance of multipartite entanglement in the Dicke model.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.81.042112

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Overlap with the separable state is introduced in this article for the purpose of characterizing the overall correlation in many-body systems. This definition has clear geometric and physical meaning and moreover can be considered as the generalization of the concept of the Anderson orthogonality catastrophe. As an exemplification, it is used to mark the phase transition in the Dicke model for zero and finite temperatures, and the discussion shows that it can faithfully reflect the phase transition properties of this model whether for zero or finite temperature. Furthermore, the overlap for the ground state also indicates the appearance of multipartite entanglement in the Dicke model.
We present a characterization of quantum phase transitions in terms of the the overlap function between two ground states obtained for two different values of external parameters. On the examples of the Dicke and XY models, we show that the regions of criticality of a system are marked by the extremal points of the overlap and functions closely related to it. Further, we discuss the connections of this approach and with the Anderson orthogonality catastrophe as well as with the dynamical study of the Loschmidt echo for critical systems.
We present a characterization of quantum phase transitions in terms of the the overlap function between two ground states obtained for two different values of external parameters. On the examples of the Dicke and XY models, we show that the regions of criticality of a system are marked by the extremal points of the overlap and functions closely related to it. Further, we discuss the connections between this approach and the Anderson orthogonality catastrophe as well as with the dynamical study of the Loschmidt echo for critical systems.
We analyze the Dicke model at zero temperature by matrix diagonalization to determine the entanglement in the ground state. In the infinite system limit the mean field approximation predicts a quantum phase transition from a non-interacting state to a Bose-Einstein condensate at a threshold coupling. We show that in a finite system the spin part of the ground state is a bipartite entangled state, which can be tested by probing two parts of the spin system separately, but only in a narrow regime around the threshold coupling. Around the resonance, the size of this regime is inversely proportional to the number of spins and shrinks down to zero for infinite systems. This spin entanglement is a non-perturbative effect and is also missed by the mean-field approximation.
In the vicinity of ground-state phase transitions quantum correlations can display nonanalytic behavior and critical scaling. This signature of emergent collective effects has been widely investigated within a broad range of equilibrium settings. However, under nonequilibrium conditions, as found in open quantum many-body systems, characterizing quantum correlations near phase transitions is challenging. Moreover, the impact of local and collective dissipative processes on quantum correlations is not broadly understood. Here we consider as a paradigmatic setting the superradiant phase transition of the open quantum Dicke model and characterize quantum and classical correlations across the phase diagram. We develop an approach to quantum fluctuations which allows us to show that local dissipation, which cannot be treated within the commonly employed Holstein-Primakoff approximation, rather unexpectedly leads to an enhancement of collective quantum correlations, and to the emergence of a nonequilibrium superradiant phase in which the bosonic and spin degrees of freedom of the Dicke model are entangled.
We study the phase transition properties of the ground state of the Dicke model by means of a variational procedure together with the catastrophe formalism.The proposed variational state is the tensorial product of the SU(2) and Weyl coherent states, and the expectation value of the Dicke Hamiltonian with respect this state is calculated.The stability properties of the energy surface exhibit a phase transition from the normal to the super-radiant behavior of the two-level atoms, when ωa ωF = ±4 γ 2 .At the same time, the analytic form of the ground state in terms of the minimum critical points of the system is obtained.The Dicke Hamiltonian is invariant under transformations of the point group C 2 = {I, exp (iπ Λ)}, with Λ the excitation number operator.To restore this parity symmetry, we separate the variational proposed states into orthogonal even and odd components, which give rise to analytic expressions for the ground and first excited states.The fidelity of these projected variational states is verified by studying their overlap with the exact quantum results.
We define the "BEC state" to be the many-body wavefunction where all particles are in the same one-body state. Using an argument analogous to Anderson's Orthogonality Catastrophe, we argue that for interacting particles the amplitude of the BEC state within the many-body wavefunction goes to zero in the thermodynamic limit. This does not mean that there is no condensate. However, we argue that, if the excitations satisfy the Landau criterion, then the absence of a finite amplitude for the BEC state, or the absence of a condensate, do not prevent the definition of the phase function ϕ, from which the superfluid velocity follows.