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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

The Ruby Phosphorescence Laboratory: Measuring the $^2$E-Term Room-Temperature Lifetime of Cr$^{3+}$.

Anthony G. Calamai, J. M. Hinds, Waine Dulaney, T. Dula, J. Burris, Brett R. Hester

Published May 30, 2018• 0 citations
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Many existing advanced laboratory experiences associated with the metastable 2E term of Cr3+ in ruby, which gives rise to the R-lines at 692.7 and 694.3 nm, focus on a room-temperature measurement of the radiative lifetime of the 2E term. In our local work developing a laboratory experience in atomic phosphorescence, we noted a lack of consistency in the literature for the lifetime of the Cr3+ 2E term. These projects typically use commercially available ruby spheres for which the manufacturer(s) only state an ∼2% Cr concentration. The uncertainty in chromium concentration represents one major source of systematic error for this laboratory experience, as does the neglect of reabsorption of R-line photons within the respective sample. We present our results and corrections for systematic issues that make this project a more rewarding experience for students. Our result for the room temperature radiative-lifetime for the 2E term is 3.3 ± 0.1 ms; which, unlike some more recent reports1, compares favorably with that of Nelson and Sturge3.

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Alignment of Cr3+ in ruby has been accomplished by optically pumping a ruby sample with circularly polarized radiation, 6943 Å, from a high-power ruby laser. Alignment of Cr3+ is detected by the emf induced in a coil surrounding the ruby sample. Measurements of the percentage alignment and relaxation time of Cr3+ are obtained from oscillograms of the induced emf and of the circularly polarized radiation from the ruby laser. At room temperature the efficiency of alignment is several tens of percent and the relaxation time of Cr3+ is about 0.1 μsec.

Applied Optics•Sep 1, 1965•19 citations
The Ruby Phosphorescence Laboratory: Measuring the 2^22E-Term Room-Temperature Lifetime of Cr3+^{3+}3+.
Many existing advanced laboratory experiences associated with the metastable 2E term of Cr3+ in ruby, which gives rise to the R-lines at 692.7 and 694.3 nm, focus on a room-temperature measurement of the radiative lifetime of the 2E term. In our local work developing a laboratory experience in atomic phosphorescence, we noted a lack of consistency in the literature for the lifetime of the Cr3+ 2E term. These projects typically use commercially available ruby spheres for which the manufacturer(s) only state an ∼2% Cr concentration. The uncertainty in chromium concentration represents one major source of systematic error for this laboratory experience, as does the neglect of reabsorption of R-line photons within the respective sample. We present our results and corrections for systematic issues that make this project a more rewarding experience for students. Our result for the room temperature radiative-lifetime for the 2E term is 3.3 ± 0.1 ms; which, unlike some more recent reports1, compares favorably with that of Nelson and Sturge3.
Abstract A long‐time phosphorescence of ruby is found under intense optical excitation in the spectral region of the R‐lines. From the initial brightness decay, as a function of the intensity and wavelength of the exciting light, it is suggested that the phosphorescence has a recombination character. The long‐wavelength limit of excitation corresponds to about 2 eV. These results indicate a complex character for the phosphorescence excitation (two‐photon or two‐step). To differentiate between these two possibilities experiments are performed using two excitation pulses with various time delays between them. These experiments show that two‐step excitation of electrons into the conduction band of ruby takes place over 2E levels of the Cr ions. From the results, and absorption data of ruby and corundum, a band scheme is proposed which explains the long‐wavelength limit of phosphorescence excitation in terms of indirect transitions.
Alignment of Cr3+ in ruby has been accomplished by optically pumping a ruby sample with circularly polarized radiation, 6943 Å, from a high-power ruby laser. Alignment of Cr3+ is detected by the emf induced in a coil surrounding the ruby sample. Measurements of the percentage alignment and relaxation time of Cr3+ are obtained from oscillograms of the induced emf and of the circularly polarized radiation from the ruby laser. At room temperature the efficiency of alignment is several tens of percent and the relaxation time of Cr3+ is about 0.1 μsec.