Lifetimes of metastable levels of chromium in ruby are determined using an unusual technique. The fluorescence from the chromium is measured using an ac technique in which the excitation is modulated and the fluorescence is detected synchronously. The novelty lies in the measurement of the dependence of the signal on the modulation frequency and extracting the lifetime from the frequency dependence. The experiments and data analysis demand a detailed understanding of the methods of lock-in amplification and synchronous detection and hence they can serve as a useful primer on the subject. The observed values for the lifetimes show excellent agreement with previous measurements.Lifetimes of metastable levels of chromium in ruby are determined using an unusual technique. The fluorescence from the chromium is measured using an ac technique in which the excitation is modulated and the fluorescence is detected synchronously. The novelty lies in the measurement of the dependence of the signal on the modulation frequency and extracting the lifetime from the frequency dependence. The experiments and data analysis demand a detailed understanding of the methods of lock-in amplification and synchronous detection and hence they can serve as a useful primer on the subject. The observed values for the lifetimes show excellent agreement with previous measurements.

American Journal of PhysicsJun 1, 199610 citations

Nondegenerate two-wave mixing in Cr^3+:Er^3+:YAlO_3

André G. Skirtach, David J. Simkin, Simon A. Boothroyd

We present the results of nondegenerate two-wave mixing measurements in Cr−3:YAlO3 and in Cr−3: Er−3:YAlO3 in which the induced index change arises from the population of the 2E excited state of the chromium. The presence of erbium ions alters the 2E-level lifetime and quenches the chromium nonlinearity. We interpret our results in terms of a model in which different lifetimes are assigned to the chromium ions. Chromium ions close enough to an erbium ion to experience quenching by nonradiative energy transfer have lifetimes that are shorter than chromium ions that are not affected by energy transfer.We present the results of nondegenerate two-wave mixing measurements in Cr−3:YAlO3 and in Cr−3: Er−3:YAlO3 in which the induced index change arises from the population of the 2E excited state of the chromium. The presence of erbium ions alters the 2E-level lifetime and quenches the chromium nonlinearity. We interpret our results in terms of a model in which different lifetimes are assigned to the chromium ions. Chromium ions close enough to an erbium ion to experience quenching by nonradiative energy transfer have lifetimes that are shorter than chromium ions that are not affected by energy transfer.

Journal of the Optical Society of America BMar 1, 19969 citations

Lifetimes of excited levels of atomic lutetium

V. N. Gorshkov, V. A. Komarovskii, N. P. Penkin

OptSpMay 1, 19840 citations

Photophysics of chromium-related diamond single-photon emitters

Igor Aharonovich, Stefania Castelletto, David Simpson +2 more

A detailed study of the photophysical properties of several chromium-related color centers produced within chemical vapor deposition diamond is presented. These emitters show narrow luminescence lines in the range of $740\ensuremath{-}770$ nm. Single-photon emission was verified with continuous and pulsed excitation with detected emission rates at saturation in the range of ($2\ensuremath{-}3$) $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ ${10}^{6}$ counts/s, while direct lifetime measurements reveal excited state lifetimes for the distinct centers ranging $1\ensuremath{-}14$ ns. In addition, a number of quantum emitters demonstrate two-level behavior with no bunching present in the second-order correlation function. The three-level systems revealed typically photoluminescence lines with width half-maximum of $~4$ nm while the two-level emitters have full width half-maximum of $~10$ nm at room temperature. In addition, the quantum efficiency of the two-level system was measured to be four times higher than that of the three-level system.A detailed study of the photophysical properties of several chromium-related color centers produced within chemical vapor deposition diamond is presented. These emitters show narrow luminescence lines in the range of $740\ensuremath{-}770$ nm. Single-photon emission was verified with continuous and pulsed excitation with detected emission rates at saturation in the range of ($2\ensuremath{-}3$) $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ ${10}^{6}$ counts/s, while direct lifetime measurements reveal excited state lifetimes for the distinct centers ranging $1\ensuremath{-}14$ ns. In addition, a number of quantum emitters demonstrate two-level behavior with no bunching present in the second-order correlation function. The three-level systems revealed typically photoluminescence lines with width half-maximum of $~4$ nm while the two-level emitters have full width half-maximum of $~10$ nm at room temperature. In addition, the quantum efficiency of the two-level system was measured to be four times higher than that of the three-level system.

arXiv:0909.1873Physical Review AApr 13, 201090 citations

Fluorescence Lifetime

James Keaveney

Springer thesesJan 1, 20140 citations

{10}^{6}

counts/s, while direct lifetime measurements reveal excited state lifetimes for the distinct centers ranging $1\ensuremath{-}14$ ns. In addition, a number of quantum emitters demonstrate two-level behavior with no bunching present in the second-order correlation function. The three-level systems revealed typically photoluminescence lines with width half-maximum of

~4

nm while the two-level emitters have full width half-maximum of

~10

nm at room temperature. In addition, the quantum efficiency of the two-level system was measured to be four times higher than that of the three-level system.