The correct approach to the formulation of a new basis of quantum theory and new foundations of theory of atom is proposed. The unity of formal logic and rational dialectics is the correct methodological basis of the approach. The main result is the following principles: (1) the principle of motion of quantum particle; the principle of stability of quantum particle; (3) principle of energy of quantum particle; (4) the principle of speed of translational motion of quantum particle; (5) the principle of rectilinearity of the external (translational) motion of quantum particle; (6) the principle of mass of quantum particle; (7) the principle of acceleration and of deceleration of quantum particle; (8) the principle of translational motion of electron in atom: the translational motion of electron in atom represents the periodical “scattering” of the electron by nucleus; (9) the principle of translational motion of electrons in many-electron atom: the translational motion of electrons in many-electron atom does not lead to formation of the electron shells. The proposed foundations furnish the clue to correct description of reality.
The correct approach to the formulation of a new basis of quantum theory and new foundations of theory of atom is proposed. The unity of formal logic and rational dialectics is the correct methodological basis of the approach. The main result is the following principles: (1) the principle of motion of quantum particle; the principle of stability of quantum particle; (3) principle of energy of quantum particle; (4) the principle of speed of translational motion of quantum particle; (5) the principle of rectilinearity of the external (translational) motion of quantum particle; (6) the principle of mass of quantum particle; (7) the principle of acceleration and of deceleration of quantum particle; (8) the principle of translational motion of electron in atom: the translational motion of electron in atom represents the periodical “scattering” of the electron by nucleus; (9) the principle of translational motion of electrons in many-electron atom: the translational motion of electrons in many-electron atom does not lead to formation of the electron shells. The proposed foundations furnish the clue to correct description of reality.
The critical analysis of the generally accepted foundations of quantum mechanics is proposed. The purpose of the analysis is to prove that the foundations include logical errors. The principle of the unity of formal logic and of rational dialectics is a methodological basis of the analysis. The result is as follows: (a) the generally accepted foundations (i.e., the interpretation of the experimental data on diffraction of quantum particles; the conception of wave-corpuscle dualism; the probabilistic interpretation of the psi-function) are logical errors; (b) the pseudo-informational meaning is the true meaning of the psi-function. Conclusion is that quantum mechanics is not a physical, objective theory but a pseudo-informational one. Therefore, quantum mechanics should be replaced by a physical, objective quantum theory. The new (correct) basis of quantum theory is proposed.
The correct critical analysis of the generally accepted foundations of quantum mechanics is proposed [1]. The purpose of the analysis is to prove that the foundations include logical errors. The principle of the unity of formal logic and dialectics is a methodological basis of the analysis. The result is as follows: (a) the generally accepted foundations (i.e., the interpretation of the experimental data on diffraction of quantum particles; the conception of wave-corpuscle dualism; the probabilistic interpretation of the psi-function) are logical errors; (b) the pseudo-informational meaning is the true meaning of the psi-function. Conclusion is that quantum mechanics is not a physical, objective theory but a pseudo-informational one. Therefore, quantum mechanics should be replaced by a physical, objective quantum theory.
This chapter begins with a brief outline of some of the key motivations for considering a quantum theory: the early attempts to determine the spectral distribution of energy density of black bodies; stability of atoms and molecules; specific heats of solids; interference and diffraction of light beams; polarization of photons. The experimental foundations of wave mechanics are then presented in detail, but in a logical order quite different from its historical development: photo-emission of electrons by metallic surfaces, X- and γ-ray scattering from gases, liquids and solids, interference experiments, atomic spectra and the Bohr hypotheses, the experiment of Franck and Hertz, the Bragg experiment, diffraction of electrons by a crystal of nickel (Davisson and Germer), and measurements of position and velocity of an electron. The need for a quantum theory In the second half of the nineteenth century it seemed that the laws of classical mechanics, developed by the genius of Newton, Lagrange, Hamilton, Jacobi and Poincaré, the Maxwell theory of electromagnetic phenomena and the laws of classical statistical mechanics could account for all known physical phenomena. Still, it became gradually clear, after several decades of experimental and theoretical work, that one has to formulate a new kind of mechanics, which reduces to classical mechanics in a suitable limit, and makes it possible to obtain a consistent description of phenomena that cannot be understood within the classical framework. It is now appropriate to present a brief outline of this new class of phenomena, the systematic investigation of which is the object of the following sections and of chapters 4 and 14.
Abstract 1. There are two problems which are fundamental to wave mechanics— that of deducing from first principles the properties of the wave field of ψ, by means of which, on modern theory, the mechanical properties of matter are to be described, and that of formulating a logical description of the properties of matter in terms of ψ. The former only of these problems is discussed in this communication. In spite of many valuable papers that have been published on the subject of Dirac’s remarkable wave equation, the derivation of the equation still seemed (to the present writer, at any rate,) to include some obscurities which could perhaps be removed. To some extent this is owing to the development of the equation, as a matter of historical necessity, having come about by successive extensions to classical mechanics; so that some difficulties have been produced by the fundamental relativity considerations having been introduced into the theory at a late stage, instead of in their proper place at the beginning. In what follows, by treating the problem from the beginning as a four-dimensional one, a deduction of the wave equation free from empirical steps is, I think, obtained, while also certain new features of the equation are brought to light. 2. The Principle of Action.—The method of four-dimensional mechanics is to assume that the motions of bodies in the world can be represented by “tracks,” or curved lines, in a “fourfold.” (This last term will be used here to mean a four-dimensional manifold with Euclidian geometry, i. e., in which ds2 = dxi2 (i = 1, . . . 4).) (1) Uniform motion in the world is represented by straight line tracks in the fourfold, and the “classical relativity” laws of motion are derived by formulating the simplest mathematical specification of curved tracks which will represent the non-uniform motions of bodies that are usually observed in the world.
The critical and correct scientific analysis of the generally accepted theory of the external photoelectric effect is proposed. The methodological basis for the analysis is the unity of formal logic and of rational dialectics. It is shown that Einstein’s formulation of the law of the photoelectric effect is not free from the following objection. The terms of Einstein’s formula characterize the quantitative determinacy (i.e., energy) which belongs and is related to the different material objects: “photon”, “electron in metal”, and “electron not in metal”. This signifies that Einstein’s formula represents violation of the formal-logical laws of identity and absence (lack) of contradiction. The correct mathematical formulation of the law of the external photoelectric effect within the framework of the system approach is proposed. The correct formulation represents the proportion by relative increments of the energy of the incident photon and the energy of the emitted electron. The proportion describes the linear relationship between the energy of the incident photon and the energy of the emitted electron.
Some aspects of the interpretation of quantum theory are discussed. It is emphasized that quantum theory is formulated in the Cartesian coordinate system; in other coordinates the result obtained with the help of the Hamiltonian formalism and commutator relations between “canonically conjugated” coordinate and momentum operators leads to a wrong version of quantum mechanics. The origin of time is analyzed by the example of atomic collision theory in detail; it is shown that the time-dependent Schrödinger equation is meaningless since in the high-impact-energy limit it transforms into an equation with two time-like variables. Following the Einstein-Rozen-Podolsky experiment and Bell’s inequality, the wave function is interpreted as an actual field of information in the elementary form. The concept “measurement” is also discussed.