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Proyecciones (Antofagasta)

Algebraic probability spaces

Franco Fagnola

Published Apr 4, 2018• 84 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this chapter we recall some definitions of quantum probability theory in the general framework developed by Accardi and several co-workers. Several expository papers in the series Quantum Probability and Related Topics and two monographes [68], [74] are already available in the literature. We will only illustrate the definitions by two examples which are included only with the aim to give a flavour of the relation with classical probability.

DOI
10.22199/s07160917.1999.0003.00002

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Proyecciones (Antofagasta)•Jan 1, 1999•0 citations
In this chapter we recall some definitions of quantum probability theory in the general framework developed by Accardi and several co-workers. Several expository papers in the series Quantum Probability and Related Topics and two monographes [68], [74] are already available in the literature. We will only illustrate the definitions by two examples which are included only with the aim to give a flavour of the relation with classical probability.
Introduction Quantum probability is a generalization of both classical probability theory and quantum mechanics that allows to describe the probabilistic aspects of quantum mechanics. This generalization is formulated in two steps. First, the theory is reformulated in terms of algebras of functions on probability spaces. Therefore, the notion of a probability space (Ω, ℱ , P ) is replaced by the pair ( L ∞ (Ω), E (.) = ∫ Ω . d P ) consisting of the commutative von Neumann algebra of bounded random variables and the expectation functional. Then, the commutativity condition is dropped. In this way we arrive at the notion of a (von Neumann) algebraic probability space ( N ,Φ) consisting of a von Neumann algebra N and a normal (faithful tracial) state Φ. As we have seen this includes classical probability spaces in the form ( L ∞ (Ω), E ), it also includes quantum mechanical systems modeled by a Hilbert space H and a pure state ψ ∊ H (or a mixed state ρ ∊ S ( H )), if we take N = B ( H ) and Ф the state defined by Ф( X ) = 〈 ψ, X ψ 〉 (or Ф ( X ) = tr(ρ X )) for X ∊ B ( H ). Note that in this course we shall relax the conditions on N and Φ and work with involutive algebras and positive normalized functionals, that is, *-algebraic probability spaces. A striking feature of quantum probability (also called noncommutative probability) is the existence of several notions of independence. This is the starting point of this course, which intends to give an introduction to the theory of quantum stochastic processes with independent increments. However, before we come to these processes, we will give a general introduction to quantum probability. In Section 1.2, we recall the basic definitions of quantum probability and discuss some fundamental differences between classical probability and quantum probability. In Section 1.3 we address the question ‘Why do we need Quantum Probability?’ We discuss the EPR experiment and the Kochen–Specker Theorem, which show that we cannot model quantum physics with classical probability spaces because the values of observable quantities do not exist unless we specify which measurement we will carry out and which quantities we will determine. In this sense quantum physics requires a more radical description of chance.
This monograph is a progressive introduction to non-commutativity in probability theory, summarizing and synthesizing recent results about classical and quantum stochastic processes on Lie algebras. In the early chapters, focus is placed on concrete examples of the links between algebraic relations and the moments of probability distributions. The subsequent chapters are more advanced and deal with Wigner densities for non-commutative couples of random variables, non-commutative stochastic processes with independent increments (quantum Lévy processes), and the quantum Malliavin calculus. This book will appeal to advanced undergraduate and graduate students interested in the relations between algebra, probability, and quantum theory. It also addresses a more advanced audience by covering other topics related to non-commutativity in stochastic calculus, Lévy processes, and the Malliavin calculus.
The mathematical formalism of quantum theory in terms of vectors and operators in infinite-dimensional complex vector spaces is very abstract. The definitions of many mathematical quantities used do not seem to have an intuitive meaning, which makes it difficult to appreciate the mathematical formalism and understand quantum mechanics. This book provides intuition and motivation to the mathematics of quantum theory, introducing the mathematics in its simplest and familiar form, for instance, with three-dimensional vectors and operators, which can be readily understood. Feeling confident about and comfortable with the mathematics used helps readers appreciate and understand the concepts and formalism of quantum mechanics. This book is divided into four parts. Part I is a brief review of the general properties of classical and quantum systems. A general discussion of probability theory is also included which aims to help in understanding the probability theories relevant to quantum mechanics. Part II is a detailed study of the mathematics for quantum mechanics. Part III presents quantum mechanics in a series of postulates. Six groups of postulates are presented to describe orthodox quantum systems. Each statement of a postulate is supplemented with a detailed discussion. To make them easier to understand, the postulates for discrete observables are presented before those for continuous observables. Part IV presents several illustrative applications, which include harmonic and isotropic oscillators, charged particle in external magnetic fields and the Aharonov–Bohm effect. For easy reference, definitions, theorems, examples, comments, properties and results are labelled with section numbers. Various symbols and notations are adopted to distinguish different quantities explicitly and to avoid misrepresentation. Self-contained both mathematically and physically, the book is accessible to a wide readership, including astrophysicists, mathematicians and philosophers of science who are interested in the foundations of quantum mechanics.
Extensions of Quantum Stochastic Calculus (S Attal) Quantum Ito Algebras: Axioms, Representations, Decompositions (V Belavkin) Free Probability for Probabilists (P Biane) Conditional Expectations on von Neumann Algebras (C Cecchini) Classical Probability Theory: An Outline of Stochastic Integrals and Diffusions (M Emery) Quantum Stochastic Differential Equations (F Fagnola) Canonical Commutation and Anticommutation Relations (M Fannes) Quantum and Classical Stochastic Calculus (A Holevo) An Introduction to Quantum Stochastic Calculus and Some of Its Applications (R Hudson) Stationary Processes in Quantum Probability (B Kummerer)
In this chapter we describe the abstract definiton and the basic facts on algebraic Markov processes (see [5]). The main goal is to show that the fundamental definitions and properties of Markov processes are easiy formulated in an algebraic languaje suitable for the study of Markov processes appearing in quantum theory. Moreover, we discuss in detail the notion of complete positivity which turns out to be the natural generalisation of positivity for commutative (classical) case and a non-commutative version of the Feynman-Kac formula which is the basic ingredient in the construction of Markov cocycles and processes.