This thesis is a review of the quantum logic approach to quantum probability theory which was first studied by Birkhoff and von Neumann in 1936. Our study is based on the more general quantum structure which is known as the $\\sigma$-orthocomplete orthomodular poset or quantum logic. We introduce the definitions of states and observables and show that the quantum probability theory is a generalization of the classical probability theory due to Kolmogorov. Discussions about joint distributions of observables are given, and we also give the general expression of the uncertainty relation in the logico-algebraic sense which generalizes the well-known Heisenberg uncertainty relation. Two examples, the classical probability structure of Kolmogorov and the Hilbert space quantum logic, are given as illustrations throughout the whole discussion.
This thesis is a review of the quantum logic approach to quantum probability theory which was first studied by Birkhoff and von Neumann in 1936. Our study is based on the more general quantum structure which is known as the sigma-orthocomplete orthomodular poset or quantum logic. We introduce the definitions of states and observables and show that the quantum probability theory is a generalization of the classical probability theory due to Kolmogorov. Discussions about joint distributions of observables are given, and we also give the general expression of the uncertainty relation in the logico-algebraic sense which generalizes the well-known Heisenberg uncertainty relation. Two examples, the classical probability structure of Kolmogorov and the Hilbert space quantum logic, are given as illustrations throughout the whole discussion.
Quantum mechanics is usually described in the terminology of probability theory even though the properties of the probability spaces associated with it are fundamentally different from the standard ones of probability theory. For example, Kolmogorov's axioms are not general enough to encompass the non-commutative situations that arise in quantum theory. There have been many attempts to generalise these axioms to meet the needs of quantum mechanics. The focus of these attempts has been the observation, first made by Birkhoff and von Neumann (1936), that the propositions associated with a quantum-mechanical system do not form a Boolean σ-algebra. There is almost universal agreement that the probability space associated with a quantum-mechanical system is given by the set of subspaces of a separable Hilbert space, but there is disagreement over the algebraic structure that this set represents. In the most popular model for the probability space of quantum mechanics the propositions are assumed to form an orthocomplemented lattice (Mackey (1963), Jauch (1968)). The fundamental concept here is that of a partial order, that is a binary relation that is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric. The partial order is interpreted as embodying the logical concept of implication in the set of propositions associated with the physical system. Although this model provides an acceptable mathematical expression of the probabilistic structure of quantum mechanics in that the subspaces of a separable Hilbert space give a representation of an ortho-complemented lattice, it has several deficiencies which will be discussed later.
In this paper we propose a unified conceptual framework in which quantum probability, quantum logic, and classical probability theory are understood as different structural levels of a single theoretical hierarchy. Starting from a statistical interpretation of quantum interference, previously developed by the authors, we argue that quantum probability is not an alternative to classical Kolmogorov probability, but a more general structure. Classical probability theory emerges as a limiting case corresponding to the disappearance of interference and the effective decomposition of the whole into independent elements. Within this framework, the Birkhoff–von Neumann quantum logic appears as a natural logical expression of quantum probability rather than as an abstract algebraic construction detached from physical meaning. The priority of the whole over its parts plays a central role in both quantum probability and quantum logic, while classical logic and probability arise when this priority becomes trivial. We emphasize that the proposed interpretation does not reject existing quantum formalism, but reinterprets its logical and probabilistic foundations. This approach may have implications for the conceptual understanding of quantum algorithms and quantum information processing.
In 1933, Kolmogorov synthesized the basic concepts of probability that were in general use at the time into concepts and deductions from a simple set of axioms that said probability was a σ-additive function from a boolean algebra of events into [0, 1]. In 1932, von Neumann realized that the use of probability in quantum mechanics required a different concept that he formulated as a σ-additive function from the closed subspaces of a Hilbert space onto [0,1]. In 1935, Birkhoff & von Neumann replaced Hilbert space with an algebraic generalization. Today, a slight modification of the Birkhoff-von Neumann generalization is called “quantum logic”. A central problem in the philosophy of probability is the justification of the definition of probability used in a given application. This is usually done by arguing for the rationality of that approach to the situation under consideration. A version of the Dutch book argument given by de Finetti in 1972 is often used to justify the Kolmogorov theory, especially in scientific applications. As von Neumann in 1955 noted, and his criticisms still hold, there is no acceptable foundation for quantum logic. While it is not argued here that a rational approach has been carried out for quantum physics, it is argued that (1) for many important situations found in behavioral science that quantum probability theory is a reasonable choice, and (2) that it has an arguably rational foundation to certain areas of behavioral science, for example, the behavioral paradigm of Between Subjects experiments.
In this paper we provide a structural derivation of Birkhoff–von Neumann quantum logic starting from an extended statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics. Quantum logic is not introduced as an independent logical hypothesis, but is shown to arise naturally from the non-classical structure of quantum probability, in particular from interference, non-additivity, and the priority of the whole over its alternatives. We demonstrate that the failure of Boolean logic in quantum mechanics is not a semantic or philosophical anomaly, but a direct consequence of the probabilistic structure encoded in Hilbert space. Within this framework, quantum logic appears as the logical form of quantum probability itself. This interpretation clarifies the physical meaning of quantum logic and highlights its contemporary relevance in quantum information and quantum computation.
The mathematics of classical probability theory was subsumed into classical measure theory by Kolmogorov in 1933.Quantum theory as nonclassical probability theory was incorporated into the beginnings of noncommutative measure theory by von Neumann in the early thirties, as well.To precisely this end, von Neumann initiated the study of what are now called von Neumann algebras and, with Murray, made a first classification of such algebras into three types.The nonrelativistic quantum theory of systems with finitely many degrees of freedom deals exclusively with type I algebras.However, for the description of further quantum systems, the other types of von Neumann algebras are indispensable.The paper reviews quantum probability theory in terms of general von Neumann algebras, stressing the similarity of the conceptual structure of classical and noncommutative probability theories and emphasizing the correspondence between the classical and quantum concepts, though also indicating the nonclassical nature of quantum probabilistic predictions.In addition, differences between the probability theories in the type I, II and III settings are explained.A brief description is given of quantum systems for which probability theory based on type I algebras is known to be insufficient.These illustrate the physical significance of the previously mentioned differences.
Quantum logic has been introduced by Birkhoff and von Neumann as an attempt to base the logical primitives, the propositions and the relations and operations among them, on quantum theoretical entities, and thus on the related empirical evidence of the quantum world. We give a brief outline of quantum logic, and some of its algebraic properties, such as nondistributivity, whereby emphasis is given to concrete experimental setups related to quantum logical entities. A probability theory based on quantum logic is fundamentally and sometimes even spectacularly different from probabilities based on classical Boolean logic. We give a brief outline of its nonclassical aspects; in particular violations of Boole-Bell type consistency constraints on joint probabilities, as well as the Kochen-Specker theorem, demonstrating in a constructive, finite way the scarcity and even nonexistence of two-valued states interpretable as classical truth assignments. A more complete introduction of the author can be found in the book "Quantum Logic" (Springer, 1998)