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Physics and simulation of optoelectronic devices. Conference

Physical-random number generator using an oscillation frequency stabilized laser diode

Kyohei Hirai, Toshihiro Taoka, Takashi Sato, Kohei Doi, Yasuo Ohdaira, Shuichi Sakamoto, Masashi Ohkawa

Published Feb 23, 2018• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An inordinate amount of time, effort (and paper) has been spent trying to find a way to stabilize laser-diode frequencies, but our research team has been working on the premise, that frequency instability can, in fact, have its up-sides. In the present work, we focus on a method that uses laser diodes’ own noise to generate physical random numbers. Introducing a frequency discriminator as a reference, we control and stabilize the difference between the frequency reference and the laser frequency, thereby generating random numbers at a suitable point.

DOI
10.1117/12.2288035

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An inordinate amount of time, effort (and paper) has been spent trying to find a way to stabilize laser-diode frequencies, but our research team has been working on the premise, that frequency instability can, in fact, have its up-sides. In the present work, we focus on a method that uses laser diodes’ own noise to generate physical random numbers. Introducing a frequency discriminator as a reference, we control and stabilize the difference between the frequency reference and the laser frequency, thereby generating random numbers at a suitable point.
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Not so long ago, pseudo random numbers generated by numerical formulae were considered to be adequate for encrypting important data-files, because of the time needed to decode them. With today’s ultra high-speed processors, however, this is no longer true. So, in order to thwart ever-more advanced attempts to breach our system’s protections, cryptologists have devised a method that is considered to be virtually impossible to decode, and uses what is a limitless number of physical random numbers. This research describes a method, whereby laser diode’s frequency noise generate a large quantities of physical random numbers. Using two types of photo detectors (APD and PIN-PD), we tested the abilities of two types of lasers (FP-LD and VCSEL) to generate random numbers. In all instances, an etalon served as frequency discriminator, the examination pass rates were determined using NIST FIPS140-2 test at each bit, and the Random Number Generation (RNG) speed was noted.
We describe a method of generating physical random numbers by means of a diode laser that has an extremely wide-band frequency-noise profile. Fluctuations in the laser frequency affect the intensity of the light transmitted through the optical frequency discriminator, detected thereafter as random fluctuations. This allows us to simultaneously generate 8 random bit streams, due to the parallel processing of 8-digit binary numbers sampled by an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter. Finally, we generated physical random numbers at a rate of 3 Gbit/s, by combining one data stream with another stream that is delayed by 2 ms, by exclusive-OR.
Random numbers can be classified as either pseudo- or physical-random in character. This work demonstrates how laser diodes' inherent noise can be exploited for use in generating physical-random numbers in cryptographic applications. In the initial stages of the experiment, we measured a laser diode's output, at a fast photo detector and generated physical-random numbers from intensity noises. We then identified and evaluated the binary-number-line's statistical properties. Our preliminary results show that fast physical-random numbers are obtainable, using the laser diode's frequency noise characteristics.
Random numbers can be classified as either pseudo- or physical-random in character. Pseudo-random numbers' periodicity renders them inappropriate for use in cryptographic applications, but naturally-generated physical-random numbers have no calculable periodicity, thereby making them ideally-suited to the task. The laser diode naturally produces a wideband "noise" signal that is believed to have tremendous capacity and great promise, for the rapid generation of physical-random numbers for use in cryptographic applications. We measured a laser diode's output, at a fast photo detector and generated physical-random numbers from frequency noises. We then identified and evaluated the binary-number-line's statistical properties. The result shows that physical-random number generation, at speeds as high as 40Gbps, is obtainable, using the laser diode's frequency noise characteristic.