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Physics and simulation of optoelectronic devices. Conference

Fast physical-random number generation using laser diode's frequency noise: influence of frequency discriminator

Kouhei Matsumoto, Yuki Kasuya, Mitsuki Yumoto, Takashi G. Sato, Masashi Ohkawa, Hideaki Arai, Shuichi Sakamoto, Yasuo Ohdaira

Published Feb 23, 2018• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Not so long ago, pseudo random numbers generated by numerical formulae were considered to be adequate for encrypting important data-files, because of the time needed to decode them. With today’s ultra high-speed processors, however, this is no longer true. So, in order to thwart ever-more advanced attempts to breach our system’s protections, cryptologists have devised a method that is considered to be virtually impossible to decode, and uses what is a limitless number of physical random numbers. This research describes a method, whereby laser diode’s frequency noise generate a large quantities of physical random numbers. Using two types of photo detectors (APD and PIN-PD), we tested the abilities of two types of lasers (FP-LD and VCSEL) to generate random numbers. In all instances, an etalon served as frequency discriminator, the examination pass rates were determined using NIST FIPS140-2 test at each bit, and the Random Number Generation (RNG) speed was noted.

DOI
10.1117/12.2288160

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Not so long ago, pseudo random numbers generated by numerical formulae were considered to be adequate for encrypting important data-files, because of the time needed to decode them. With today’s ultra high-speed processors, however, this is no longer true. So, in order to thwart ever-more advanced attempts to breach our system’s protections, cryptologists have devised a method that is considered to be virtually impossible to decode, and uses what is a limitless number of physical random numbers. This research describes a method, whereby laser diode’s frequency noise generate a large quantities of physical random numbers. Using two types of photo detectors (APD and PIN-PD), we tested the abilities of two types of lasers (FP-LD and VCSEL) to generate random numbers. In all instances, an etalon served as frequency discriminator, the examination pass rates were determined using NIST FIPS140-2 test at each bit, and the Random Number Generation (RNG) speed was noted.
While optical laser range finders use random signals to determine distance, a laser diode’s fast frequency noise can perform the task. Moreover, this signal can be applied to physical-random number generation. This research describes a method, whereby laser diode’s frequency noise characteristics generate a large number of physical-random numbers and determine the distance to a target [1] [2]. We tested the random number generating- and distance- measuring capabilities of two types of lasers; a Fabry-Perot-LD and VCSEL: (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser). With the Fabry-Perot etalon functioning as frequency discriminator, we investigated the physical-random numbers’ characteristics from both Fabry-Perot-LD’s and the VCSEL’s characteristic’s points of view. We verified the generated binary number’s randomness, using NIST FIPS140-2 test, and noted the Random Number Generation (RNG) speed of a FP-LD was 48 Gbit/s, and that of a VCSEL was 159 Gbit/s. When the generation speed of the physical-random number is high, we can increase the sampling rate of our range finders and improve resolution.
Random numbers can be classified as either pseudo- or physical-random in character. Pseudo-random numbers' periodicity renders them inappropriate for use in cryptographic applications, but naturally-generated physical-random numbers have no calculable periodicity, thereby making them ideally-suited to the task. The laser diode naturally produces a wideband "noise" signal that is believed to have tremendous capacity and great promise, for the rapid generation of physical-random numbers for use in cryptographic applications. We measured a laser diode's output, at a fast photo detector and generated physical-random numbers from frequency noises. We then identified and evaluated the binary-number-line's statistical properties. The result shows that physical-random number generation, at speeds as high as 40Gbps, is obtainable, using the laser diode's frequency noise characteristic.
Abstract Diode Lasers (DLs) are influenced by fast frequency noise stemming from fluctuations in spontaneous emissions, a phenomenon that is of great use when generating fast physical-random numbers. This paper describes a physical-random number generator that uses a DLs frequency noise and rubidium (Rb) absorption lines as frequency noise sources and frequency discriminators. This device actually produced physical-random numbers at a rate of 500 megabits per second, but it depends on the relation between the DL frequency noise and frequency discriminator characteristics. This relation is investigated and the conditions for physical-random number generation are explained.
Random numbers can be classified as either pseudo- or physical-random, in character. Pseudo-random numbers are generated by definite periodicity, so, their usefulness in cryptographic applications is somewhat limited. On the other hand, naturally-generated physical-random numbers have no calculable periodicity, thereby making them ideal for the task. Diode lasers' considerable wideband noise gives them tremendous capacity for generating physical-random numbers, at a high rate of speed. We measured a diode laser's output with a fast photo detector, and evaluated the binary-numbers from the diode laser's frequency noise characteristics. We then identified and evaluated the binary-number-line's statistical properties. We also investigate the possibility that much faster physical-random number parallel-generation is possible, using separate outputs of different optical-path length and character, which we refer to as "coherence collapse".
Random numbers can be classified as either pseudo- or physical-random in character. This work demonstrates how laser diodes' inherent noise can be exploited for use in generating physical-random numbers in cryptographic applications. In the initial stages of the experiment, we measured a laser diode's output, at a fast photo detector and generated physical-random numbers from intensity noises. We then identified and evaluated the binary-number-line's statistical properties. Our preliminary results show that fast physical-random numbers are obtainable, using the laser diode's frequency noise characteristics.
Random numbers can be classified as either pseudo- or physical-random, in character. Pseudo-random numbers are generated by definite periodicity, so, their usefulness in cryptographic applications is somewhat limited. On the other hand, naturally-generated physical-random numbers have no calculable periodicity, thereby making them ideal for the task. Diode lasers' considerable wideband noise gives them tremendous capacity for generating physical-random numbers, at a high rate of speed. We measured a diode laser's output with a fast photo detector, and evaluated the binary-numbers from the diode laser's frequency noise characteristics. We then identified and evaluated the binary-number-line's statistical properties. We also investigate the possibility that much faster physical-random number parallel-generation is possible, using separate outputs of different optical-path length and character, which we refer to as "coherence collapse".