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IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps)

The Design of Quantum Frame via Time Division Multiplexing

Xiaoguang Chen, Penghui Qiu

Published Dec 1, 2017• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Based on the Fock space and quantum transmission line theory, the time division multiplexing (TDM) quantum frame structure is designed. For quantum frame structure, the state transition diagram of quantum frame is given, and the state transfer matrix of quantum frame is presented. The partial trace of the frame is accorded with the completely positive trace-preserving (CPTP) mapping. Based on the quantum time division multiplexing (QTDM) system, the traditional frame and quantum frame can be combined into double-frame structure which mathematical representation is defined, and finally quantum teleportation protocol is operated.

DOI
10.1109/glocomw.2017.8269079

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Based on the Fock space and quantum transmission line theory, the time division multiplexing (TDM) quantum frame structure is designed. For quantum frame structure, the state transition diagram of quantum frame is given, and the state transfer matrix of quantum frame is presented. The partial trace of the frame is accorded with the completely positive trace-preserving (CPTP) mapping. Based on the quantum time division multiplexing (QTDM) system, the traditional frame and quantum frame can be combined into double-frame structure which mathematical representation is defined, and finally quantum teleportation protocol is operated.
Based on the classical time division multi-channel communication theory, we present the scheme of quantum channel-time division multiplex (QC-TDM). Moreover, the model of quantum time division multiplexer (QTDM) are proposed. The quantum bit error rate (QBER) is analyzed and the QBER simulation test is performed. The scheme shows that the QTDM can carry out multi-user communication through quantum channel, the QBER can also reach the reliability requirement of communication. The scheme of QC-TDM may play an important role in the establishment of quantum communication in large scale in the future.
We present a novel noise modulation technique using SQUID gain switching for Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) readout systems that reduces 1/f noise by a factor of 3.5 while preserving the architectural simplicity that makes TDM a widely used technique for Transition Edge Sensor (TES) arrays. In contrast to frequency division multiplexing or microwave multiplexing, where signal modulation inherently provides immunity to low-frequency noise, conventional TDM systems can be susceptible to 1/f noise from downstream electronics as the TES signals remain in the low-frequency band. In our approach, the operating point of the SQUID amplifier alternates between positive and negative gain slopes at the frame frequency, combined with synchronized digital inversion of the error signals prior to flux-locked loop integration. This modulation scheme shifts the readout noise, including the 1/f components of low noise amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters and room temperature electronics, into the frame frequency range where it can be separated from the DC-TES signal by decimation filtering. Laboratory validation using an 8 column × 32 row TDM platform designed for Athena X-IFU applications shows a reduction in 1/f noise from 73 pA/√Hz@1Hz (9.3 μΦ₀/√Hz) to 21 pA/√Hz@1Hz (2.7 μΦ₀/√Hz) in channels with no TES connected, with the additional benefits of a 14-fold reduction in SQUID bias sensitivity through dynamic resistance matching and a 6.5-fold reduction in temperature-induced baseline drift. The technique avoids the disadvantage of doubling white noise, which occurs with conventional noise subtraction methods, and at the same time achieves a comparable suppression of 1/f noise. Implementation requires only minor firmware modifications to existing TDM systems, making it easily implementable for far-infrared bolometric and X-ray spectroscopy applications.
The frame structure of layered quantum signaling is proposed in this paper, and the major functions of each layer are analyzed. We propose a scheme of multi-encapsulated time division quantum signaling frame for the application of the framing layer in the quantum signaling network. The simulation results show that the proposed layered model of quantum signaling where each layer have perfect function not only to meet the needs of multi-user quantum communication, but also the realizable strategy of the framing layer function can be adapted to different situations of quantum communication networks.
Time-sharing of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) transceivers with the help of optical switches and a central Software-Defined Networking (SDN) controller is a promising technique to better amortize the large investments required to build a Quantum Key Distribution Network (QKDN). In this work, we investigate the implications of introducing Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) in trusted-relay QKDNs at the wide-area network scale in terms of performance and cost-saving. To this end, we developed both a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (qTDM-MILP) model and a Heuristic Algorithm (qTDM-HA) to solve the allocation of QKD transceivers and network resources for a novel switched QKDN operating scheme: qTDM-QKDN. Our heuristic method provides a close-to-optimal resource planning for the offline problem that computes the minimum number of QKD transceivers and optical switch ports at each node, as well as the number of quantum channels on each link required to satisfy a target set of end-to-end secret-keyrate demands. Moreover, both the model and the heuristic provide the time fractions that each QKD transceiver needs to peer with each neighbor QKD transceiver. We compared our proposed model and heuristic algorithm for cost minimization with non-time sharing QKD transceivers (nTDM) as baseline. The results show that qTDM can achieve substantial cost-savings in the range of 10%–40% compared to nTDM. Furthermore, this work sheds light on the selection of the value for the working cycle T and its influence on network performance. • TDM optimizes QKD networks, enhancing efficiency and cost-effectiveness. • A MILP model and the qTDM-HA ease resource allocation in large-scale QKD networks. • The tools provide outstanding solutions from 10% to 40% in terms of cost-savings. • TDM minimizes the number of dedicated QKD transceivers by using shared ones wisely.
Based on the classical time division multi-channel communication theory, we present a scheme of quantum time-division multi-channel communication (QTDMC). Moreover, the model of quantum time division switch (QTDS) and correlative protocol of QTDMC are proposed. The quantum bit error rate (QBER) is analyzed and the QBER simulation test is performed. The scheme shows that the QTDS can carry out multi-user communication through quantum channel, the QBER can also reach the reliability requirement of communication, and the protocol of QTDMC has high practicability and transplantable. The scheme of QTDS may play an important role in the establishment of quantum communication in a large scale in the future.