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Physical Principles of Quantum Mechanics (In Agreement with Einstein's Views)

Nijalingappa Umakantha

Published Jan 1, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this monograph, the author presents a new approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. The monograph has four parts. In Part One the basic results of the theory of probability and of quantum mechanics are established. In Part Two the monadic properties of individual systems are derived from stationary state functions. In Part Three, the collectivistic properties of statistical assemblies are derived from superposed state functions. In Part Four, the experimental methods for determining various physical quantities are mentioned.

DOI
10.4236/9781618962496

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In this monograph, the author presents a new approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics. The monograph has four parts. In Part One the basic results of the theory of probability and of quantum mechanics are established. In Part Two the monadic properties of individual systems are derived from stationary state functions. In Part Three, the collectivistic properties of statistical assemblies are derived from superposed state functions. In Part Four, the experimental methods for determining various physical quantities are mentioned.
The study of quantum statistical mechanics begins with a review of the basic principles of quantum mechanics. Schrödinger’s equation is introduced and Eigenstates (or stationary states) are defined. Model probability for quantum statistics is assumed to have a uniform distribution in phases. Wave functions for many-body systems are defined. The density matrix is introduced. The Planck entropy and the microcanonical ensemble are defined. The differences between classical and quantum statistical mechanics are all based on the differing concepts of a microscopic ‘state’. While the classical microscopic state (specified by a point in phase space) determines the exact position and momentum of every particle, the quantum mechanical state determines neither; quantum states can only provide probability distributions for observable quantities.
In this article, we established the fundamental principles of new quantum theory. At first, we mention the notion of quantum probability and its basic properties. Next, we propose the axiom of new quantum theory, using the notion of quantum probability. The characteristic property of the quantum state is that the quantum state is determined by the L2-density of the quantum probability distribution of the position variables and the momentum variables of the quantum system. At last, we derive the Schrödinger equations by the reasonable method based on the axiom of new quantum theory. Here we use the variational principle that the real L2-density determining the quantum state of the quantum system, which is, in practice, realized physically, should be determined among the admissible L2-densities so that the energy expectation value takes its stationary value.
A theory of non-equilibrium thermodynamics is developed. The general method to derive the closed set of kinetic equations for expectation values of physical quantities is developed, by making use of the functional Taylor expansion with respect to expectation values of physical quantities around the reference state. For this purpose, a definition of the thermodynamic state in the system whose state changes with time is presented in order to describe the general state of the many-body system from the unified point of view. The statistical mechanical probability distribution functions for the quantum-mechanical expectation values at the stationary state are developed, without making use of the concept of the constant of the motion. The relation between the expectation value and the most probable value for the probability distribution function is discussed, and it is found that both values are equivalent to each other, if the system is extended infinitely in space and time. Thus the condition for the thermodynamic limit may be defined in a generalized way. Our method is looked as a perturbational one in the equilibrium statistical mechanics, though the choice of the reference state is arbitrary.
A novel perspective on relativistic transformation recently-proposed provides an insight into the very meaning of the principle of relativity. With this novel perspective and Bell's theorem, we argue that special relativity, instead of quantum theory, should be radically reformulated to resolve inconsistencies between the two theories. A new theory of relativistic quantum mechanics is formulated upon this novel perspective. This new relativistic quantum mechanics is free from such anomalies as the negative probability density, the negative-energy states, Zitterbewegung, and the Klein paradox deep-rooted in the current relativistic quantum mechanics. Moreover, a remarkable result is found that a particle can not be confined within an infinite square well of width less than half of the Compton wavelength. As implications in nuclear physics, there is a lower bound on the size of atomic nucleus. Neither an electron, nor a positron, can be confined inside the nucleus by whatever interaction. Furthermore, we argue that the postulates of non-relativistic quantum statistics fulfill the principle of relativity, as extended to the relativistic realm. A new theory of relativistic quantum statistics is formulated such that the probability distribution functions are the same as the three well-known probability distribution functions in non-relativistic quantum statistics. A relativistic speed distribution of a dilute gas is then derived by the new relativistic quantum statistics and the new relativistic quantum mechanics. This relativistic speed distribution reduces to Maxwell speed distribution in the low temperature region. Yet, this relativistic speed distribution differs remarkably from Jüttner speed distribution in the high temperature region. Also, thermal properties of a dilute gas are studied by the new relativistic quantum statistics.