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GENERAL RELATIVISTIC FORMULATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS

Vu B Ho

Published Jan 1, 2018• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this work we show that it is possible to formulate quantum mechanics from general relativity in both pseudo-Euclidean and Euclidean metric by showing that the three-dimensional differentiable spacetime structure of a quantum particle can be converted to that of a manifestly Minkowski spacetime or a manifestly Euclidean spacetime. This is equivalent to viewing and describing three-dimensional quantum particles as normal particles in classical and quantum mechanics.

DOI
10.13140/rg.2.2.32055.83361

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In this work we show that it is possible to formulate quantum mechanics from general relativity in both pseudo-Euclidean and Euclidean metric by showing that the three-dimensional differentiable spacetime structure of a quantum particle can be converted to that of a manifestly Minkowski spacetime or a manifestly Euclidean spacetime. This is equivalent to viewing and describing three-dimensional quantum particles as normal particles in classical and quantum mechanics.
It is shown that, with some reasonable assumptions, the theory of general relativity can be made compatible with quantum mechanics by using the field equations of general relativity to construct a Robertson-Walker metric for a quantum particle so that the line element of the particle can be transformed entirely to that of the Minkowski spacetime, which is assumed by a quantum observer, and the spacetime dynamics of the particle described by a Minkowski observer takes the form of quantum mechanics. Spacetime structure of a quantum particle may have either positive or negative curvature. However, in order to be describable using the familiar framework of quantum mechanics, the spacetime structure of a quantum particle must be "quantised" by an introduction of the imaginary number iii. If a particle has a positive curvature then the quantisation is equivalent to turning the pseudo-Riemannian spacetime of the particle into a Riemannian spacetime. This means that it is assumed the particle is capable of measuring its temporal distance like its spatial distances. On the other hand, when a particle has a negative curvature and a negative energy density then quantising the spacetime structure of the particle is equivalent to viewing the particle as if it had a positive curvature and a positive energy density.
As shown in our work on spacetime structures of quantum particles, Schrödinger wavefunctions in quantum mechanics can be utilised to construct the geometric structures of quantum particles which are considered to be three-dimensional differentiable manifolds. In this work we will extend this kind of geometric formulation of quantum particles by showing that wavefunctions that are normally used to describe wave phenomena in classical physics can in fact also be utilised to represent three-dimensional differentiable manifolds which in turns are identified with quantum particles. We show that such identification can be achieved by using a three-dimensional wave equation to construct three-dimensional differentiable manifolds that are embedded in a four-dimensional Euclidean space. In particular, the dual character that is resulted from the identification of a wavefunction with a three-dimensional differentiable manifold may provide a classical basis to interpret the wave-particle duality in quantum mechanics.
The state-of-the-art physics consists of two irreconcilable branches, i.e., the quantum theory and the general relativity, which work well in their own territories, independently. However, what are quantum and spacetime after all? The key question was never addressed, satisfactorily. In this work, we describe a possibility to reformulate the quantum theory in the Minkowski spacetime from the viewpoint of classic physics in the Euclidean spacetime, i.e., classic mechanics and stochastic process theory. We show that quantum theory and Minkowski spacetime may connect with each other and emerge from a single fundamental entity.
In this work, by summarising our recent works on the differential geometric and topological structures of quantum particles and spacetime manifolds, we discuss the possibility to classify quantum particles according to their intrinsic geometric structures associated with differentiable manifolds that are solutions to wave equations of two and three dimensions. We show that fermions of half-integer spin can be identified with differentiable manifolds which are solutions to a general two-dimensional wave equation, in particular, a two dimensional wave equation that can be derived from Dirac equation. On the other hand, bosons of integer spin can be identified with differentiable manifolds which are solutions to a general three-dimensional wave equation, in particular, a three-dimensional wave equation that can be derived from Maxwell field equations of electromagnetism. We also discuss the possibility that being restricted to three-dimensional spatial dimensions we may not be able to observe the whole geometric structure of a quantum particle but rather only the cross-section of the manifold that represents the quantum particle and the space in which we are confined. Even though not in the same context, such view of physical existence may comply with the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics which states that the properties of a physical system are not definite but can only be determined by observations.
Usual quantum mechanics requires a fixed background spacetime geometry and its associated causal structure. A generalization of the usual theory may therefore be needed at the Planck scale for quantum theories of gravity in which spacetime geometry is a quantum variable. The elements of generalized quantum theory are briefly reviewed and illustrated by generalizations of usual quantum theory that incorporate spacetime alternatives, gauge degrees of freedom, and histories that move forward and backward in time. A generalized quantum framework for cosmological spacetime geometry is sketched. This theory is in fully four-dimensional form and free from the need for a fixed causal structure. Usual quantum mechanics is recovered as an approximation to this more general framework that is appropriate in those situations where spacetime geometry behaves classically.
In Quantum Physics, the term “Euclidean” means that one, compared to the conventional formulation, works in “imaginary time.” It is a general fact that objects associated with Euclidean as opposed to Minkowski space are easier to deal with; this is seen for instance when comparing the usual Laplacian, an elliptic operator, with its Minkowski space counterpart, the hyperbolic d’Alembertian. In Quantum Mechanics, the term “Euclidean” is usually associated with approaches based on the so-called Feynman-Kac formula. The latter originates in attempts to give Feynman’s ideas [10, 11] on path integrals a solid mathematical founding.