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IEEE photonics journal

Silica Planar Lightwave Circuit Based Integrated 1 $\times$ 4 Polarization Beam Splitter Module for Free-Space BB84 Quantum Key Distribution

Joong‐Seon Choe, Heasin Ko, Byung‐Seok Choi, Kap‐Joong Kim, Chun Ju Youn

Published Jan 4, 2018• 21 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have developed an integrated polarization beam splitter (PBS) module with silica planar lightwave circuit technology for use in BB84 quantum key distribution (QKD). The PBS module is designed to operate on four linear polarizations of the horizontal/vertical/diagonal/antidiagonal direction, and shows the minimum polarization extinction ratio of 17.6 dB. When the module is loaded on the free-space BB84 QKD test-bed, quantum bit error rate and sifted key rate are 2.81% and 415 kb/s at clock rate of 100 MHz, respectively.

DOI
10.1109/jphot.2017.2788638

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Silica Planar Lightwave Circuit Based Integrated 1 ×\times× 4 Polarization Beam Splitter Module for Free-Space BB84 Quantum Key Distribution
We have developed an integrated polarization beam splitter (PBS) module with silica planar lightwave circuit technology for use in BB84 quantum key distribution (QKD). The PBS module is designed to operate on four linear polarizations of the horizontal/vertical/diagonal/antidiagonal direction, and shows the minimum polarization extinction ratio of 17.6 dB. When the module is loaded on the free-space BB84 QKD test-bed, quantum bit error rate and sifted key rate are 2.81% and 415 kb/s at clock rate of 100 MHz, respectively.
We developed a high-speed quantum key distribution (QKD) system integrated with a compact self-developed silica-based planar lightwave circuit chip and a micro-optics-based polarization module. Also, we demonstrated that our system can generate average secure keys at the rate of 701.22 kbps over a free-space link of 275 m in daylight by using effective noise filtering systems in the temporal, spectral, and spatial domains. Real-time beam tracking system was adopted to stabilize the fluctuation of the beam position.
Silica-based planar lightwave circuit (PLC) devices can offer great potential for quantum key distribution (QKD) with the benefits of low-loss, low-cost, large-scale integration, miniaturization, stability and mass production. A quantum decoding integrated chip for QKD based on silica PLC technology was demonstrated, which consists of a variable optical splitter (VOS), an asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometer (AMZI) with a thermo-optic phase modulator (TOPM) and a delay line (DL) whose delay time is 400ps, and a variable directional coupler (VDC). The balanced pulsepairs of double channels with measured delay times of 396ps and 398ps respectively were obtained in the conditions of both classical optics and single-photon transmissions. The chip has advantageous to achieve high interference visibilities of double channels simultaneously for BB84 phase and time-bin protocols.
Silica-based planar lightwave circuit (PLC) devices can reduce transmission loss and cost in a quantum key distribution (QKD) system, and have potential applications in integration and production. A PLC-based quantum decoding integrated chip for multi-protocols is designed and fabricated, which is composed of variable optical splitters (VOSs), asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometers (AMZIs), and variable directional couplers (VDCs). Balanced pulse-pairs of four outputs are obtained simultaneously with measured delay times of 405 ps and 402 ps, respectively. The chip has advantages in achieving high interference visibility and low quantum bit error rate (QBER).