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Sensor Electronics and Microsystem Technologies

SENSING RYDBERG AUTOIONIZATION RESONANCES IN SPECTRUM OF YTTERBIUM: NEW SPECTRAL DATA AND EFFECTS

А. А. Свинаренко

Published Apr 1, 2014• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We applied a generalized energy approach (Gell-Mann and Low S-matrix formalism) combined with the relativistic multi-quasiparticle (QP) perturbation theory (PT) with the DiracKohn-Sham zeroth approximation to studying autoionization resonances (AR) in complex atoms, in particular, energies and widths for the ytterbium in Rydberg states. The unusual features of the Rydberg autoionization resonances in ytterbium can be effectively used in new types of the quantum sensors.

DOI
10.18524/1815-7459.2014.2.108202

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We applied a generalized energy approach (Gell-Mann and Low S-matrix formalism) combined with the relativistic multi-quasiparticle (QP) perturbation theory (PT) with the DiracKohn-Sham zeroth approximation to studying autoionization resonances (AR) in complex atoms, in particular, energies and widths for the ytterbium in Rydberg states. The unusual features of the Rydberg autoionization resonances in ytterbium can be effectively used in new types of the quantum sensors.
We have presented an effective relativistic approach for sensing and calculating energy of levels, probabilities and oscillator strengths (transition amplitudes, lifetimes) of a number of radiative transitions in the spectra of heavy Rydberg atoms of alkaline elements. It represents a new version of the relativistic model potential method. The approach is based on the relativistic many-body gauge-invariant perturbation theory with the improved Dirac-Kohn-Sham zeroth approximation and relativistic energy approach (S-matrix adiabatic Gell-Mann and Low formalism). We have shown that that during computing the energy and spectroscopic characteristics of the multielectron Rydberg atomic systems a new approach provides a precise accounting exchange-correlation effects, including effect of essentially non-Coulomb grouping of Rydberg levels, pressure continuum. There are received precise data on energy and spectroscopic parameters energy, radiation width, amplitude transitions, the lifetime) for Rydberg atoms Rb, Cs, Fr, particularly, transitions nS½→n’P½,3/2 (n=5,6; n’=10-70), nP½,3.2→n’D3/2,5/2 (n=5,6; n’=10-80) in the Rb, Cs spectra; for Rydberg Fr there are in most first calculated and predicted spectroscopic data on transition amplitude, lifetime of Rydberg states and transitions 7S½-nP½,3/2, 7P½,3.2-nD3/2,5/2 (n=20-80). Regarding the application of the obtained data it can be indicated on carrying out new types of radiative quantum sensors and frequency standards, quantum electronics and different quantum devices.
Asymptotically exact calculations (with n → ∞) for the positions of the Rydberg states 4f14 6s1/2nlj of Yb have been carried out. The calculations have been performed by using the relativistic-perturbation theory with a model zeroth-order approximation. The proposed approach is more universal than the usually applied quantum-defect method, and, in contrast to the latter, it does not require the availability of experimental data about the low-lying states of the considered Rydberg series. It is shown that singlet–triplet splitting increases with increasing nuclear charge, and, for sufficiently heavy atoms, this splitting may exceed the distance between adjacent Rydberg states of the same series. The results have made it possible to change the accepted interpretation of the experimental spectrum. The difference between the theoretical and experimental quantum-defect spectrum monotonically decreases as n increases and is about 0.2 for n = 45.
In the study of Yb atomic Rydberg states, new members of 6sns 1 S 0 series for n=23, 24, 66-116 and 6snd 1 D 2 series for n=81-114 were observed. The data are in excellent agreement with the MQDT analysing results. The autoionizing Rydberg series 6p 1 2 /n's ( 1/2 , 1/2 ) 1 0 were investigated by three-step laser excitation. The ICE model was used to explain the experimental spectrum, and it has been proved to be suitable for describing the excitation of the autoionizing Rydberg states with a weakly-excited core.
Divalent atoms have emerged as powerful alternatives to alkalis in ultracold atom platforms, offering unique advantages arising from their two-electron structure. Among these species, ytterbium (Yb) is especially promising, yet its anionic properties and its Rydberg spectrum remain comparatively unexplored. In this work, we perform a first and comprehensive experimental and theoretical investigation of ultralong-range Rydberg molecules (ULRMs) of 174^{174}174Yb in 6sns 1S06sns\,^1S_06sns1S0​ Rydberg states across nearly two decades in principal quantum number nnn and three orders of magnitude in molecular binding energy. Using the Coulomb Green's function formalism, we compute Born-Oppenheimer molecular potentials describing the Rydberg atom in the presence of a ground-state perturber and achieve quantitative agreement with high-resolution molecular spectra. This enables the extraction of low-energy electron-Yb scattering phase shifts, including the zero-energy sss-wave scattering length and the positions of two spin-orbit split ppp-wave shape resonances. Our results provide strong evidence that the Yb−^{-}− anion exists only as a metastable resonance.% We additionally show the sensitivity of ULRM spectra to the atomic quantum defects, using this to determine the quantum defect of the 6s23f 1F36s23f\, ^1F_36s23f1F3​ state. Together, these findings establish Yb ULRMs as a powerful probe of electron-Yb interactions and lay essential groundwork for future Rydberg experiments with divalent atoms.
We study isolated core excitation of ultracold ytterbium Rydberg atoms of high orbital angular momentum quantum number $\ensuremath{\ell}$. Measurements were performed on the $6{s}_{1/2}40\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6{p}_{1/2}40\ensuremath{\ell}$ transition with $\ensuremath{\ell}=5--9$. The extracted energy shifts and autoionization rates are in good agreement with a model based on independent electrons, taking interactions into account in a perturbative approach. We reveal a slow decrease in the autoionization rates with $\ensuremath{\ell}$, explained by the strong coupling of the $6{p}_{1/2}n\ensuremath{\ell}$ autoionizing state with the $5{d}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\epsilon}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ continua compared to previously studied divalent atoms.