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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Rydberg and autoionizing states of neutral ytterbium

C. B. Xu, Xiang-Yuan Xu, Wenbo Huang, M Xue, D Y Chen

Published Sep 14, 1994• 22 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In the study of Yb atomic Rydberg states, new members of 6sns 1 S 0 series for n=23, 24, 66-116 and 6snd 1 D 2 series for n=81-114 were observed. The data are in excellent agreement with the MQDT analysing results. The autoionizing Rydberg series 6p 1 2 /n's ( 1/2 , 1/2 ) 1 0 were investigated by three-step laser excitation. The ICE model was used to explain the experimental spectrum, and it has been proved to be suitable for describing the excitation of the autoionizing Rydberg states with a weakly-excited core.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/27/17/014

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In the study of Yb atomic Rydberg states, new members of 6sns 1 S 0 series for n=23, 24, 66-116 and 6snd 1 D 2 series for n=81-114 were observed. The data are in excellent agreement with the MQDT analysing results. The autoionizing Rydberg series 6p 1 2 /n's ( 1/2 , 1/2 ) 1 0 were investigated by three-step laser excitation. The ICE model was used to explain the experimental spectrum, and it has been proved to be suitable for describing the excitation of the autoionizing Rydberg states with a weakly-excited core.
The Rydberg states and 4f135d6s6p valence state of neutral ytterbium of diff-erent |m| values are obtained by two-step excitation using polarized lasers. The field-ioaization thresholds for 6sns 1S0 (n=21-28, |m|=0) and 6snd 1D2 (n=20-27, |m|=0,1) Rydberg states as well as 4f135d6s6p valence state are measured. The thresholds are also calculated by introducing a Stark effective quantum number ns. The comparision between the experimental and calculated results is furnished. The interaction of valence state with Rydberg states, which affets the thresholds, is dis-cussed.
We study isolated core excitation of ultracold ytterbium Rydberg atoms of high orbital angular momentum quantum number $\ensuremath{\ell}$. Measurements were performed on the $6{s}_{1/2}40\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6{p}_{1/2}40\ensuremath{\ell}$ transition with $\ensuremath{\ell}=5--9$. The extracted energy shifts and autoionization rates are in good agreement with a model based on independent electrons, taking interactions into account in a perturbative approach. We reveal a slow decrease in the autoionization rates with $\ensuremath{\ell}$, explained by the strong coupling of the $6{p}_{1/2}n\ensuremath{\ell}$ autoionizing state with the $5{d}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\epsilon}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ continua compared to previously studied divalent atoms.
The autoionizing states of ytterbium (Yb) were investigated by three-photon polarization spectroscopy. Ytterbium atoms were excited to autoionizing states through the transition 6s2{\mathit{s}}^{2}s2 1^{1}1S0{\mathit{S}}_{0}S0​--6s6p 3^{3}3P1{\mathit{P}}_{1}P1​--4f13{\mathit{f}}^{13}f13(2{(}^{2}(2F7/2{\mathit{F}}_{7/2}F7/2​)6${\mathit{s}}^{2}666{\mathit{p}}_{3/2}$ (J=2). The total angular momenta J of the autoionizing states were identified by comparing the line intensities from the spectra recorded with different combinations of the laser polarization. In this work, 17 autoionizing states including many new ones were investigated. For all these states Fano parameters and J values are measured.
High Rydberg levels of ytterbium were studied in a beam of metastable atoms. Levels of the series 4f14^{14}14 6snsnsnd were populated from the metastable 4f14^{14}14 6s 6p 3^33Po_oo​ level by means of the U.V. light of a frequency-doubled single-mode dye laser and detected using the field ionization technique. The critical ionization fields FcF_cFc​ of the levels 4f14^{14}14 6snsnsnd 3^33D1_11​ (24 ≤ n ≤ 57) were measured and found to obey the saddle point law (FcF_cFc​ = (16 n∗4n^{*4}n∗4)−1^{-1}−1). The hyperfine structures of the odd isotopes were investigated. They are very peculiar due to the fact that the hyperfine interaction is of the same order of magnitude as (or even for the highest nnn values, much more important than) the spin-orbit and electrostatic interactions. A theoretical account of the observed structures using the Slater-Condon parametric method is given. The relative influence of the excited (nnnd) and of the non-excited (6s) optical electron could thus be studied. Furthermore the influence of a valence level perturbing only the odd isotopes components for nnn = 26 was demonstrated.
Using three-step laser excitation in an atomic beam and a time-resolved spectroscopy technique, we measured both the lifetimes of the Rydberg levels of Yb i belonging to the perturbed series 6nsp 3^{3}3P2{\mathit{P}}_{2}P2​ and the lifetimes of the perturbing 4${\mathit{f}}^{13}555{\mathit{d}}^{2}$6s 3^{3}3P2{\mathit{P}}_{2}P2​,1{,}^{1},1D2{\mathit{D}}_{2}D2​ levels. An expected shortening has been observed for the lifetimes of those levels which are strongly mixed with the perturbers.
Asymptotically exact calculations (with n → ∞) for the positions of the Rydberg states 4f14 6s1/2nlj of Yb have been carried out. The calculations have been performed by using the relativistic-perturbation theory with a model zeroth-order approximation. The proposed approach is more universal than the usually applied quantum-defect method, and, in contrast to the latter, it does not require the availability of experimental data about the low-lying states of the considered Rydberg series. It is shown that singlet–triplet splitting increases with increasing nuclear charge, and, for sufficiently heavy atoms, this splitting may exceed the distance between adjacent Rydberg states of the same series. The results have made it possible to change the accepted interpretation of the experimental spectrum. The difference between the theoretical and experimental quantum-defect spectrum monotonically decreases as n increases and is about 0.2 for n = 45.