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Lecture notes in electrical engineering

A PHY-Based Secret Sharing Scheme in MIMO Systems

Zhuo-Ru Jian, Huang Hai, Xiaojun Jing, Jia Li

Published Dec 18, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-981-10-7521-6_2

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In the literature, J.-P. Cheng et al. have proposed the MIMO-OFDM PHY integrated (MOPI) scheme for achieving physical-layer security in practice without using any cryptographic ciphers. The MOPI scheme uses channel sounding and physical-layer network coding (PNC) to prevent eavesdroppers from learning the channel state information (CSI). Nevertheless, due to the use of multiple antennas for PNC at transmitter and beamforming at receiver, it is not possible to have spatial multiplexing nor use space-time codes in our previous MOPI scheme. In this paper, we propose a variant of the MOPI scheme, called P-MOPI, that works with a cryptographic cipher and utilizes precoding matrix index (PMI) as an efficient key-exchange mechanism. With channel sounding, the PMI is only known between the transmitter and the legal receiver. The shared key can then be used, e.g., as the seed to generate pseudo random bit sequences for securing subsequent transmissions using a stream cipher. By applying the same techniques at independent subcarriers of the OFDM system, the P-MOPI scheme easily allows two communicating parties to exchange over 100 secret bits. As a result, not only secure communication but also the MIMO gain can be guaranteed by using the P-MOPI scheme.
Over the last decade, physical layer secret key generation (PHY-SKG) techniques that exploit reciprocity of wireless channels have attracted considerable interest among researchers in the field of wireless communication. Compared to traditional cryptographic methods, PHY-SKG techniques offer the following advantages: a computationally bounded adversary does not need to be assumed; PHY-SKG avoids the requirement of key management, and secret keys can be dynamically replenished. Additionally, PHY-SKG can enhance existing security schemes because it operates independently of higher layer security schemes. However, a key drawback of PHY-SKG is low secret key generation rate (SKGR), a critical performance metric. Therefore, the role of advanced network technologies (e.g., multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and cooperative MIMO) must be explored to enhance SKGR. This paper describes how MIMO and cooperative MIMO techniques can enhance SKGR.
In this paper, we study the benefits of in-band full-duplex (IBFD) and multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems on the physical layer-based secret key generation (PHY-SKG) scheme. The secret key capacity (SKC) of a channel frequency response (CFR)-based PHY-SKG scheme in IBFD-MIMO systems is derived with practical imperfections and compared to its half-duplex (HD) counterpart. The results demonstrate that IBFD benefits the SKC over HD in two aspects: 1) simultaneous measurements; 2) more resources for probing to reduce errors. However, the benefits are compromised by the overheads and imperfections of self-interference cancellation (SIC). MIMO systems can significantly improve the SKC, while enlarged antenna arrays result in increased probing errors. Besides, longer overheads will be required to implement effective SIC, decreasing the IBFD gain over HD. 3GPP specification-based simulations verify the theoretical analysis.