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International Conference on Communications

A Channel Frequency Response-Based Secret Key Generation Scheme in In-band Full-duplex MIMO Systems

Haifeng Luo, Navneet Garg, Tharmalingam Ratnarajah

Published May 28, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we study the benefits of in-band full-duplex (IBFD) and multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems on the physical layer-based secret key generation (PHY-SKG) scheme. The secret key capacity (SKC) of a channel frequency response (CFR)-based PHY-SKG scheme in IBFD-MIMO systems is derived with practical imperfections and compared to its half-duplex (HD) counterpart. The results demonstrate that IBFD benefits the SKC over HD in two aspects: 1) simultaneous measurements; 2) more resources for probing to reduce errors. However, the benefits are compromised by the overheads and imperfections of self-interference cancellation (SIC). MIMO systems can significantly improve the SKC, while enlarged antenna arrays result in increased probing errors. Besides, longer overheads will be required to implement effective SIC, decreasing the IBFD gain over HD. 3GPP specification-based simulations verify the theoretical analysis.

DOI
10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279568

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In this paper, we study the benefits of in-band full-duplex (IBFD) and multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems on the physical layer-based secret key generation (PHY-SKG) scheme. The secret key capacity (SKC) of a channel frequency response (CFR)-based PHY-SKG scheme in IBFD-MIMO systems is derived with practical imperfections and compared to its half-duplex (HD) counterpart. The results demonstrate that IBFD benefits the SKC over HD in two aspects: 1) simultaneous measurements; 2) more resources for probing to reduce errors. However, the benefits are compromised by the overheads and imperfections of self-interference cancellation (SIC). MIMO systems can significantly improve the SKC, while enlarged antenna arrays result in increased probing errors. Besides, longer overheads will be required to implement effective SIC, decreasing the IBFD gain over HD. 3GPP specification-based simulations verify the theoretical analysis.
Physical layer-based secret key generation (PHY-SKG) schemes have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their lightweight implementation and ability to achieve information-theoretical security. In this paper, we study a channel frequency response (CFR)-based SKG scheme for in-band full-duplex (IBFD)-multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) systems. We formulate the intrinsic practical imperfections and derive their effects on the probing errors. Then we derive closed-form expressions for the secret key capacity (SKC) in the presence of a passive eavesdropper accordingly. We analyze the asymptotic behavior of the SKC in the high-SNR regime and reveal the fundamental limits for IBFD and HD probing. Based on the asymptotic SKC, we investigate the conditions under which IBFD can outperform HD. Numerical results illustrate that effective analog self-interference cancellation (ASIC) depth is the basis for IBFD probing to gain benefits over HD. Finally, we analyze the properties of the collected samples of the CFR-based SKG scheme and propose an averaging pre-processing and a segmental quantization, which reduce the key disagreement rate and remove the effects of large-scale fading to guarantee randomness. 3GPP specification-based simulations and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) test suite verify the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed SKG scheme.
In this paper, the impact of in-band full-duplex (IBFD) wireless communications on secret key generation via physical layer channel state information is investigated. A key generation strategy for IBFD wireless devices to increase the rate of generated secret keys over multipath fading channels is proposed. Conventionally, due to the half-duplex (HD) constraint on wireless transmissions, sensing simultaneous reciprocal channel measurements is not possible, which leads to a degraded key generation rate. However, with the advent of IBFD wireless devices, the legitimate nodes can sense the shared wireless link simultaneously at the possible cost of a self-interference (SI) channel estimation and some residual self-interference (RSI). As we demonstrate, with HD correlated observations the key rate is upper bounded by a constant, while with IBFD the key rate is only limited by the SI cancellation performance and is in general greater than that of its HD counterpart. Our analysis shows that with reasonable levels of SI cancellation, in the high SNR regime the key rate of IBFD is much higher, while in low SNRs, the HD system performs better. Finally, the key rate loss due to the overhead imposed by the SI channel estimation phase is discussed.
A secret-key agreement for in-band full-duplex (FD) technology can be regarded as a valuable method for establishing security at the physical layer level. In this paper, we study an FD system model in conjunction with a secret-key agreement. The legitimate users interact through two-way channel probing and one-way reconciliation. We first introduce two complementary key generation models for FD and half-duplex (HD) settings, and compare their performances by introducing the key-reconciliation function. Furthermore, we study the impact of probing-reconciliation tradeoff and the role of a strong eavesdropper, and analyze the system performance in the high-signal-to-noise ratio regime. We show that under certain conditions, the FD mode negatively affects the capabilities of the eavesdropper and offers several advantages in terms of secret-key rate over the conventional HD setups. Our analysis reveals that the perfect self-interference cancellation is not necessary to obtain performance gains over the HD mode.
Over the last decade, physical layer secret key generation (PHY-SKG) techniques that exploit reciprocity of wireless channels have attracted considerable interest among researchers in the field of wireless communication. Compared to traditional cryptographic methods, PHY-SKG techniques offer the following advantages: a computationally bounded adversary does not need to be assumed; PHY-SKG avoids the requirement of key management, and secret keys can be dynamically replenished. Additionally, PHY-SKG can enhance existing security schemes because it operates independently of higher layer security schemes. However, a key drawback of PHY-SKG is low secret key generation rate (SKGR), a critical performance metric. Therefore, the role of advanced network technologies (e.g., multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and cooperative MIMO) must be explored to enhance SKGR. This paper describes how MIMO and cooperative MIMO techniques can enhance SKGR.
Secret-key agreement from reciprocal wireless channels has been considered a valuable supplement for security at the physical-layer. On the one hand, full-duplex (FD) communication is regarded as one of the key technologies in future 5G systems. On the other hand, the success of 5G depends, among other things, on the ability to allow for secure communication. However, most key agreement models are based on half-duplex (HD) setups. Therefore, in this work, we propose representations of key generation models in both HD and FD modes. We analyze the performance of FD vs. HD modes by utilizing the key-communication function of secret-key agreement. It turns out that, for the application of key agreement, the FD approach enables advantages over the conventional HD setups. In particular, we derive a condition that guarantees improved performance of FD over HD mode in the high SNR regime.
MIMO-OFDM as well as MIMO systems are two steering technologies for 5G and beyond communication systems. The key problem with conventional method is that the security protocols used does not take any advantage of the wireless channel features, making eavesdropping a serious issue. This poses security issues at the physical layer. In this paper, we use SecretKey Capacity (SKC) on MIMO and MIMO-OFDM systems with more than one receiver antennas for the eavesdropper. We investigate the impact of channel estimation errors on the SKC performance. We derive the closed form expressions for SKC for both the MIMO and MIMO-OFDM channel The effect of channel estimation errors at the legitimate receiver end is also investigated for different MIMO-OFDM configurations. MIMO-OFDM channels can achieve positive SKC even when eavesdropper has higher number of receiver antenna than legitimate receiver, which is not possible in the case of MIMO channels. Increase in the channel estimation errors can increase SKC of the system. SKC results are discussed here with different number of transmit and receive antenna for eavesdropper and legitimate receiver.