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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR)

Resonant transfer of large momenta from finite-duration kicks

Shijie Chai, J. Fekete, S. A. Gardiner, Mikkel F. Andersen

Published Jul 1, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We experimentally investigate the atom optics kicked particle at quantum resonance by using finite duration kicks. A newly developed e-pseudoclassical model agrees well with our experiments for a wide range of parameters. A simple scaling law predicts the momentum transfer to the particle and we show that we can coherently split the atomic wave-function into a superposition of momentum states that differ by 200 photon recoils.

DOI
10.1109/cleopr.2017.8118662

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We experimentally investigate the atom optics kicked particle at quantum resonance by using finite duration kicks. A newly developed e-pseudoclassical model agrees well with our experiments for a wide range of parameters. A simple scaling law predicts the momentum transfer to the particle and we show that we can coherently split the atomic wave-function into a superposition of momentum states that differ by 200 photon recoils.
We experimentally investigate the atom optics kicked particle at quantum resonance using finite duration kicks. Even though the underlying process is quantum interference, it can be well described by an $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$-pseudoclassical model. The $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$-pseudoclassical model agrees well with our experiments for a wide range of parameters. We investigate the parameters yielding maximal momentum transfer to the atoms and find that this occurs in the regime where neither the short pulse approximation nor the Bragg condition is valid. Nonetheless, the momentum transferred to the atoms can be predicted using a simple scaling law, which provides a powerful tool for choosing optimal experimental parameters. We demonstrate this in a measurement of the Talbot time (from which h/Mh/Mh/M can be deduced), in which we coherently split atomic wave functions into superpositions of momentum states that differ by 200 photon recoils. Our work may provide a convenient way to implement large momentum difference beam splitters in atom interferometers.
Atom interferometers are a useful tool for precision measurements of fundamental physical phenomena, ranging from the local gravitational-field strength to the atomic fine-structure constant. In such experiments, it is desirable to implement a high-momentum-transfer ``beam splitter,'' which may be achieved by inducing quantum resonance in a finite-temperature laser-driven atomic gas. We use Monte Carlo simulations to investigate these quantum resonances in the regime where the gas receives laser pulses of finite duration and derive an $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$-classical model for the dynamics of the gas atoms which is capable of reproducing quantum resonant behavior for both zero-temperature and finite-temperature noninteracting gases. We show that this model agrees well with the fully quantum treatment of the system over a time scale set by the choice of experimental parameters. We also show that this model is capable of correctly treating the time-reversal mechanism necessary for implementing an interferometer with this physical configuration and that it explains an unexpected universality in the dynamics.
We present experimental measurements of the mean energy in the vicinity of the first and second quantum resonances of the atom-optics kicked rotor for a number of different experimental parameters. Our data are rescaled and compared with the one-parameter (ϵ)(ϵ)(ϵ) classical scaling function developed to describe the quantum resonance peaks. Additionally, experimental data are presented for the ``classical'' resonance which occurs in the limit as the kicking period goes to zero. This resonance is found to be analogous to the quantum resonances, and a similar one-parameter classical scaling function is derived, and found to match our experimental results. The widths of the quantum and classical resonance peaks are compared, and their sub-Fourier nature examined.
We examine the effect of the initial atomic momentum distribution on the dynamics of the atom-optical realisation of the quantum kicked rotor. The atoms are kicked by a pulsed optical lattice, the periodicity of which implies that quasi-momentum is conserved in the transport problem. We study and compare experimentally and theoretically two resonant limits of the kicked rotor: in the vicinity of the quantum resonances and in the semiclassical limit of vanishing kicking period. It is found that for the same experimental distribution of quasi-momenta, significant deviations from the kicked rotor model are induced close to quantum resonance, while close to the classical resonance (i.e. for small kicking period) the effect of the quasi-momentum vanishes.
We investigate analytically and numerically early-time momentum diffusion rates for the delta-kicked rotor across the quantum to classical transition, i.e., as increased total system action produces more macroscopic dynamics. For sufficiently narrow initial momentum distributions we find a rich structure of resonances in these diffusion rates as a function of the effective Planck's constant. Our study is set in the physical context of the atom optics kicked rotor, and numerical simulations confirm that the resonances persist with kicks of finite duration and with other typical experimental imperfections, such as spontaneous emission noise. Our results should be testable in experiments where narrow initial momentum distributions are prepared using, for example, velocity selective Raman transitions or Bose-Einstein condensates.
We consider the interaction of a traveling optical wave with a resonant two-level atom, which is initially in its general superposition state, i.e., in the superposition state of the ground and excited internal energy levels and simultaneously has mutually different momentum distributions, corresponding to each of these internal energy levels. We show that during the interaction, the atom periodically gets large-scale changes in these momentum distributions. As a consequence, a portion of the atomic momentum of the states, corresponding to each internal energy level, gets large-scale changes too, much more than the momentum $\ensuremath{\Elzxh}k$ of an absorbed/emitted photon. The amount of momentum that a photon transfers between the atomic internal energy levels is in general more than its own momentum $\ensuremath{\Elzxh}k.$ The special case is discussed in which the atom's preliminary superposition state is created as a result of interaction of the atom with the resonant standing wave. Also it is pointed out that in appropriate time intervals the mentioned phenomenon can be presented as a transformation of the resonant Kapitza-Dirac splitting of atomic states into the Stern-Gerlach-type splitting.