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IEEE Access

Deterministic and Efficient Quantum Key Distribution Using Entanglement Parity Bits and Ancillary Qubits

Muneer Alshowkan, Khaled M. Elleithy

Published Jan 1, 2017• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we propose an efficient and deterministic quantum key distribution protocol for establishing a secret key between two untrusted users. In this protocol, a secret key is distributed to a sender and a receiver who share entangled states with a third trusted party but not with each other. This secret key is distributed by the means of special pure quantum states using remote state preparation and controlled gates. In addition, we employ the parity bits of the entangled pairs and the ancillary states to assist in preparing and measuring the secret states. Distributing a state to two users requires two maximally entangled pairs as the quantum channel and a two-particle von Neumann projective measurement. The proposed protocol is exact and deterministic. It distributes a secret key of d qubits by the means of 2d entangled pairs and, on average, d bits of classical communication. We demonstrate the security of this protocol against entanglement attacks and present a method of privacy amplification.

DOI
10.1109/access.2017.2771395

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In this paper, we propose an efficient and deterministic quantum key distribution protocol for establishing a secret key between two untrusted users. In this protocol, a secret key is distributed to a sender and a receiver who share entangled states with a third trusted party but not with each other. This secret key is distributed by the means of special pure quantum states using remote state preparation and controlled gates. In addition, we employ the parity bits of the entangled pairs and the ancillary states to assist in preparing and measuring the secret states. Distributing a state to two users requires two maximally entangled pairs as the quantum channel and a two-particle von Neumann projective measurement. The proposed protocol is exact and deterministic. It distributes a secret key of d qubits by the means of 2d entangled pairs and, on average, d bits of classical communication. We demonstrate the security of this protocol against entanglement attacks and present a method of privacy amplification.
Quantum cryptography is considered a solution for sharing secret information in a secure mode. Establishing a quantum security platform into an exciting system requires a package of stable processes. One of these processes is based on creating a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol or sharing a secret key. This paper presents a QKD protocol that utilizes two quantum channels to prepare a shared secret key. The first communication channel will be initiated by entanglement states, where the entangled photons will be emitted by a trusted third party. The second communication channel utilizes the superposition states that will be initiated by the one of the communicated parties. Moreover, the protocol produces a string of random qubits after verifying the communicated legitimate parties during entangled state channels. The produced string will reflect the shared secret key between the users.
In order to distribute a secret key between two designated users, a mutually authenticated quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol based on entanglement swapping is proposed. Without classical information exchange, the two communication parts can securely share a session key in this protocol. Almost all qubits, except a few which are used to check the security of quantum channel, can produce the private key, and two pairs of entangled particles can generate two bits private key. The protocol is proved to secure using Stinespring dilation theorem, and the efficiency analysis is presented.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) allows spatially separated parties to establish a secret key among themselves based on quantum principles. While QKD systems are being deployed worldwide, their reliance on trusted measurements makes them vulnerable. Moreover, existing protocols have largely focussed on the qubit cases, and rely on the maximally entangled state, a costly resource to generate. Here, we consider the one-sided-device-independent (1SDI) QKD protocols, where one of the measurement devices is trusted while the other is untrusted. The resource in this scenario is quantum steering, an asymmetric form of quantum nonlocality. This is inspired by a real-world scenario, where the trusted party can be considered to be a bank, or any large organisation that has sufficient resources to protect its systems and validate them, while the users are vulnerable to attacks. We then demonstrate that a secure key can be obtained using any pure bipartite entangled state in this setup. Considering realistic detectors and sources based on current technology, we demonstrate that even states that are almost separable can be used to extract a secure key. Moreover, for every pure entangled bipartite state, we find the critical detection efficiencies and visibility to obtain a secure key.
In this paper, we propose a new efficient mediated semi-quantum key distribution (MSQKD) protocol, facilitating the establishment of a shared secret key between two classical participants with the assistance of an untrusted third party (TP). Unlike existing MSQKD protocols, our approach significantly reduces the quantum requirements for TP, who only needs to prepare and measure qubits in the XXX basis. Meanwhile, the classical participants are limited to preparing and measuring qubits in the ZZZ basis, along with performing Hadamard operations. This reduction in quantum overhead enhances the practicality of our MSQKD protocol without compromising qubit efficiency. Additionally, we demonstrate the security of our protocol against various well-known attacks.
Two deterministic secure quantum communication schemes are proposed, one based on pure entangled states and the other on ddd-dimensional single-photon states. In these two schemes, only single-photon measurements are required for the two authorized users, which makes the schemes more convenient than others in practical applications. Although each qubit can be read out after a transmission of additional classical bit, it is unnecessary for the users to transmit qubits double the distance between the sender and the receiver, which will increase their bit rate and their security. The parties use decoy photons to check eavesdropping efficiently. The obvious advantage in the first scheme is that the pure entangled source is feasible with present techniques.
This work presents quantum key distribution protocols (QKDPs) to safeguard security in large networks, efficiency is improved as the proposed protocols contain the fewest number of communication rounds and two parties can share and use a long-term secret Key. Quantum cryptography is basically based on a trusted channel in communication between two parties compared to classical channel. Recently, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has become more secure transmission method used to transmit secret key between two legitimate parties. This paper discusses the implementation of (QKD) protocol with the existence of an eavesdropper. The implementation simulates the communication of two parties who wish to share a secret key with the existing of eavesdropper. The existing of eavesdropper is simulated with two kinds of attacks, which is used as parameter to measure the length of final key agreed by both authenticated parties at the end of the communication.