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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Single laser-beam generated sub-Doppler transparencies in Rb-filled Kagome HC-PCF

Ximeng Zheng, Benoît Debord, Jenny Jouin, Philippe Thomas, Frédéric Gérôme, Fetah Benabid

Published Jun 1, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

There is growing interest in using Hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) in atomic based laser metrology and quantum optics. Atom-filled HC-PCF represents a compact atomic vapour cell, which thanks to its long light-matter interaction distance enhances spectroscopic feature contrasts and optical nonlinearities. These advantages make atom-filled HC-PCF an outstanding candidate for numerous applications such as miniature atomic clocks, magnetometers, single photon sources, Rydberg-blockade based NOT gates, atom-light entanglement etc. Furthermore, the small geometric core size of HC-PCF (5 to 100 μm) and large inner wall surface volume enhance atom-surface effects like physicochemical processes, surface material adsorption, Van der Waals (VW) interaction and Casimir Polder forces, which play a significant role in spectroscopic features that strongly differ from the conventional macroscopic vapor cells. Here we report on experimental observation of wall surface induced sub-Doppler transparencies in Rb-filled Kagome HC-PCF, which dramatically contrast with conventional sub-Doppler transparencies generated techniques (e.g. SAS, EIT). The present transparencies are generated by using one single laser beam injected into Rb loaded Kagome HC-PCF.

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2017.8086883

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There is growing interest in using Hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) in atomic based laser metrology and quantum optics. Atom-filled HC-PCF represents a compact atomic vapour cell, which thanks to its long light-matter interaction distance enhances spectroscopic feature contrasts and optical nonlinearities. These advantages make atom-filled HC-PCF an outstanding candidate for numerous applications such as miniature atomic clocks, magnetometers, single photon sources, Rydberg-blockade based NOT gates, atom-light entanglement etc. Furthermore, the small geometric core size of HC-PCF (5 to 100 μm) and large inner wall surface volume enhance atom-surface effects like physicochemical processes, surface material adsorption, Van der Waals (VW) interaction and Casimir Polder forces, which play a significant role in spectroscopic features that strongly differ from the conventional macroscopic vapor cells. Here we report on experimental observation of wall surface induced sub-Doppler transparencies in Rb-filled Kagome HC-PCF, which dramatically contrast with conventional sub-Doppler transparencies generated techniques (e.g. SAS, EIT). The present transparencies are generated by using one single laser beam injected into Rb loaded Kagome HC-PCF.
This thesis describes developments in atomic vapour loading in hollow core photonic crystal fibre (HC-PCF) for fabrication of atomic vapour loaded photonic microcells (PMC). These developments have been targeted at addressing some of the issues associated with loading atomic vapours in confined waveguiding geometries such as increased dephasing and physio-chemical wall absorptions. Atomic vapour loaded HC-PCF and PMC’s have applications in laser metrology, coherent optics and magneto optical spectroscopy. State of the art HC-PCF have been fabricated for loading with atomic vapour including both photonic bandgap (PBG) guiding and inhibited coupling (IC) hypocycloidal core shape Kagome HC-PCF. Record loss of 70 dB/km has been achieved in IC hypocycloid core shape Kagome HC-PCF in the spectral region centred at 800 nm. This fibre retains excellent single mode propagation combined with large core and increased optical bandwidth in comparison with specialist PBG HC-PCF optimised for operation around 800 nm. Aluminosilicate sol-gel coatings have been developed and successfully applied to the inner core wall of HC-PCF’s to reduce the atomic vapour surface interaction. Confining atomic vapours in micron scaled HC-PCF results in increased dephasing rates because of the frequent atom wall collisions. Anti relaxation coating materials have been applied to the inner core wall and the longitudinal relaxation time has been measured in coated and uncoated fibres utilising a magneto optical technique. Additionally sub Doppler transparencies are investigated in anti relaxation coated and uncoated HC-PCF.
This thesis reported on atomic spectroscopy for the development of alkaline atomic vapor photonic microcell (PMC). The work is motivated by reproducing the outstanding laboratory environment based performances achieved in the fields of frequency standard and coherent optics in highly compact and stand-alone devices that can be accessible to a wider scientific community or to a commercial market. In our case these future devices will be based a Hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) filled with a gas phase material to form a PMC, and outstands with an ultra-long long interaction length and micrometric modal area. However, the micrometric scale of the fiber core harboring the atoms raises several technical and scientific challenges. Among the technical challenges, we list the development of efficient process for atom loading inside long hollow fiber with small core diameter, the suppression or mitigation of physio-chemical reactivity of the atoms (i.e. Rubidium) with the fiber core inner-surface silica etc. In parallel, the large surface-to-volume ratio of the fiber-core raises questions like the coherence relaxation dynamics and the nature and effect of the atom-surface interaction. The thesis reports on fiber-core inner surface coating with different materials to mitigate the physio-chemical reactions of the confined atoms with the surface, on tapering large core inhibited coupling Kagome HC-PCF, and splicing technique that ensures low splice loss and no atomic reactivity during the splicing process. In parallel, the thesis reports on a set of spectroscopy experiments to assess the relaxation dynamics of atoms inside HC-PCF and to report on novel sub-Doppler transparencies.
We report a comparative study on dephasing mechanisms between inner core coated and uncoated sections of the same Kagome hypocycloid-shaped core hollow core photonic crystal fibers (HC-PCF) filled with rubidium vapor. The comparison is performed by measuring the atomic polarization relaxation and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) linewidth in Rb loaded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) inner wall coated and bare silica core Kagome HC-PCF. The measurements show a polarization relaxation time of 32μs in a PDMS coated Kagome HC-PCF and 24μs in uncoated Kagome HC-PCF. A minimum EIT linewidth of 6.2±0.8MHz is achieved in PDMS coated Kagome HC-PCF, and 8.3±0.9 MHz for the uncoated Kagome HC-PCF.
We report on progress in different hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) design and fabrication for atomic vapor based applications. We have fabricated a Photonic bandgap (PBG) guiding HC-PCF with a record loss of 107dB/km at 785nm in this class of fiber. A double photonic bandgap (DPBG) guiding HC-PCF with guidance bands centred at 780nm and 1064nm is reported. A 7-cell 3-ring Kagome HC-PCF with hypocycloid core is reported, the optical loss at 780nm has been reduced to 70dB/km which to the best of our knowledge is the lowest optical loss reported at this wavelength using HC-PCF. Details on experimental loading of alkali metal vapours using a far off red detuned laser are reported. This optical loading has been shown to decrease the necessary loading time for Rb into the hollow core of a fiber. The quantity of Rb within the fiber core has been enhanced by a maximum of 14% through this loading procedure.
[Truncated] This thesis concerns a new photonic technology based on hollow-core photonic-crystal fibre (HC-PCF) that has been loaded with an atomic vapour. It was demonstrated that this technology may have important applications in the fields of metrology and quantum optics. Furthermore, the small size and robustness of HC-PCF allows these devices to potentially be miniaturised for possible commercial and industrial applications. By filling the HC-PCF with an atomic vapour, excellent light-atom coupling can be attained as both the atoms and light are confined within the same volume. The small transverse dimensions of the fibre’s optical mode leads to high intensities at low input powers, enabling efficient driving of non-linear transitions which would otherwise be difficult with free-space optical systems. Additionally, long interaction lengths, obtained through an arbitrary length of HC-PCF, lead to large optical depths on these typically weak non-linear transitions. The non-linear transition employed here is the 5S1/2 → 5D5/2 rubidium (Rb) two-photon transition. This system is of great interest due to its non-linearity, long excited state lifetime, efficient excitation and large optical depth attained within the HC-PCF. A number of methods for loading a HC-PCF with Rb are discussed, along with proposed ideas for making this process more efficient. Spectroscopic techniques were used to investigate the effect of the fibre’s confined geometry upon the atomic spectra. Extensive theoretical modelling was employed to confirm the observed spectra and give insight to the mechanisms behind the observations. Using this experimental and theoretical knowledge, two applications were targeted: optical atomic frequency standards; and cross phase modulation for quantum logic gates.