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Optics Letters

Proof-of-principle implementation of a quantum random number generator with independent devices and a dimension witness

Xue-Bi An, Yun-Guang Han, Zhen−Qiang Yin, Wei Huang, Wei Chen, Shuang Wang, Guang‐Can Guo, Zheng‐Fu Han

Published Oct 9, 2017• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The random number is a paramount issue in modern science. How to estimate the genuine randomness of the data generated by a given device is a central problem. Lunghi et al. proposed a self-testing quantum random number generator from a prepare-and-measure scenario with independent devices. Based on this Letter, Han et al. proposed a more efficient method (Han16 protocol for short) to estimate the genuine randomness. Here we report a proof-of-principle realization of the Han16 protocol with a HSPS. The experimental results demonstrate that the Han16 protocol almost doubles the generation rate of the quantum random number with regard to the previous protocol. In addition, the results of the experiment show that the Han16 protocol is practical, and the experimental device can tolerate loss and noise.

DOI
10.1364/ol.42.004139

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The random number is a paramount issue in modern science. How to estimate the genuine randomness of the data generated by a given device is a central problem. Lunghi et al. proposed a self-testing quantum random number generator from a prepare-and-measure scenario with independent devices. Based on this Letter, Han et al. proposed a more efficient method (Han16 protocol for short) to estimate the genuine randomness. Here we report a proof-of-principle realization of the Han16 protocol with a HSPS. The experimental results demonstrate that the Han16 protocol almost doubles the generation rate of the quantum random number with regard to the previous protocol. In addition, the results of the experiment show that the Han16 protocol is practical, and the experimental device can tolerate loss and noise.
How to generate genuine quantum randomness from untrusted devices is an important problem in quantum information processing. Inspired by previous work on a self-testing quantum random number generator [T. Lunghi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 150501 (2015)], we present a method to generate quantum randomness from a prepare-and-measure scenario with independent devices. In existing protocols, the quantum randomness depends only on a witness value (e.g., Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt value), which is calculated with the observed probabilities. Differently, here all the observed probabilities are directly used to calculate the min-entropy in our method. Through numerical simulation, we find that the min-entropy of our proposed scheme is higher than that in the previous work when a typical untrusted Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) setup is used. Consequently, thanks to the proposed method, more genuine quantum random numbers may be obtained than before.
Quantum random number generation attracts considerable attention, since its randomness inherently originates in quantum mechanics, but not mathematical assumptions. Randomness certification, e.g. entropy estimation, becomes a key issue in the context of quantum random number generation protocol. We study a self-testing protocol based on dimension witness, with the assumption of independent devices. It addresses the random number extraction problem in a practical prepare-and-measure scenario with uncharacterized devices. However, the lower bound of min-entropy as a function of dimension witness is not tight in existing works. We present a tighter bound of analytic form, by introducing the Lagrangian multiplier method to closely analyze the optimization problem on average guessing probability. Through simulation, it turns out that a significantly higher random number generation rate can be achieved in practice.
The generation of random numbers is a task of paramount importance in modern science. A central problem for both classical and quantum randomness generation is to estimate the entropy of the data generated by a given device. Here we present a protocol for self-testing quantum random number generation, in which the user can monitor the entropy in real time. Based on a few general assumptions, our protocol guarantees continuous generation of high quality randomness, without the need for a detailed characterization of the devices. Using a fully optical setup, we implement our protocol and illustrate its self-testing capacity. Our work thus provides a practical approach to quantum randomness generation in a scenario of trusted but error-prone devices.
How to estimate the randomness of the measurement outcomes generated by a given device is an important issue in quantum information theory. Recently, Brunner et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 (2014) 140407] proposed a prepare-and-measure quantum random number generation scenario with device-independent assumption, which indicates a method to test the randomness of bit strings according to the generation process rather than the results. Based on this protocol, we implement a quantum random number generator with an intrinsic stable phase-encoded quantum key distribution system. The system has been continuously running for more than 200 h, a stable witness W with the average value of 0.9752 and a standard deviation of 0.0024 are obtained. More than 1 G random bits are generated and the results pass all items of NIST test suite.
Randomness is a very important resource for cryptography, algorithms, and scientific simulations. Since all classical processes are considered to be intrinsically deterministic, we must build quantum random number generators which utilize quantum processes to generate true randomness. Quantum random number generators have been realized in different quantum systems, including quantum optical systems, and trapped ions. Here we present a proof-of-concept random number generator based on a nuclear spin system for the first time. The state preparation and measurements are performed with high-fidelity operations in our system. The entropy of randomness in the experimental data is quantified by two dimension witness certification protocols, which require no detailed models to describe the experimental devices but only some general assumptions, such as the limited dimensionality and the independence of the experimental devices.
Random number generation is an important task in modern science. A variety of quantum random number generation protocols have been proposed and realized. These protocols, however, are all based on two parties. Based on the weak measurement technique, we propose and realize a quantum random number generator among three observers. The violation of a double classical dimension witness based on the determinant value is first observed in experiment. With the heralding single-photon source, our experimental setup attains the independent assumption and the dimension assumption, which means our setup is semi-device-independent (DI). This Letter sheds new light on generating DI-type random number among multi-user and it has potential application prospect on the quantum cryptography and quantum random number in network environment.