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Review of Scientific Instruments

Low-noise, transformer-coupled resonant photodetector for squeezed state generation

Chaoyong Chen, Shaoping Shi, Yaohui Zheng

Published Oct 1, 2017• 17 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In an actual setup of squeezed state generation, the stability of a squeezing factor is mainly limited by the performance of the servo-control system, which is mainly influenced by the shot noise and gain of a photodetector. We present a unique transformer-coupled LC resonant amplifier as a photodetector circuit to reduce the electronic noise and increase the gain of the photodetector. As a result, we obtain a low-noise, high gain photodetector with the gain of more than 1.8×105 V/A, and the input current noise of less than 4.7 pA/Hz. By adjusting the parameters of the transformer, the quality factor Q of the resonant circuit is close to 100 in the frequency range of more than 100 MHz, which meets the requirement for weak power detection in the application of squeezed state generation.

DOI
10.1063/1.5004418

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In an actual setup of squeezed state generation, the stability of a squeezing factor is mainly limited by the performance of the servo-control system, which is mainly influenced by the shot noise and gain of a photodetector. We present a unique transformer-coupled LC resonant amplifier as a photodetector circuit to reduce the electronic noise and increase the gain of the photodetector. As a result, we obtain a low-noise, high gain photodetector with the gain of more than 1.8×105 V/A, and the input current noise of less than 4.7 pA/Hz. By adjusting the parameters of the transformer, the quality factor Q of the resonant circuit is close to 100 in the frequency range of more than 100 MHz, which meets the requirement for weak power detection in the application of squeezed state generation.
Based on the requirement of squeezed state generation, we build the phase relationship between two electronic local oscillators for the cavity- and phase-locking branches, and a 2-way 90° power splitter is adopted to satisfy the phase relationship simultaneously, which greatly simplifies the experimental setup and adjusting process. A LC parallel resonant circuit, which is composed by the inherent capacitance of a photodiode and an extra inductor, is adopted in the resonant photodetector to improve the gain factor at the expected frequency. The gain of the resonant photodetector is about 30 dB higher than that of the broadband photodetector at the resonant frequency. The peak-to-peak value of the error signal for cavity-locking (phase-locking) with the resonant photodetector is 240 (260) times of that with the broadband photodetector, which can improve the locking performance on the premise of not affecting the squeezing degree.
High-precision cavity locking is crucial for squeezing optical fields. Here, a bootstrapped low-noise photodetector is utilized in the generation process of the squeezed state of light. This process is based on a combination of a modified trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) circuit and a two-stage bootstrap amplifier circuit. This not only achieves high-precision and long-term stable locking of the optical cavity, but it also improves the degree to which the light field is squeezed. The experiment results show that the detector has a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 26.7 dB at the analysis frequency of 3 MHz when measuring the shot noise with an injection optical power of 800 µW, and the equivalent optical power noise level is lower than 2.4 pW/Hz in the frequency range of 1-30 MHz. Moreover, the squeezing degree of the quadrature amplitude squeezed state light field can be improved by more than 34.9% when the detector is used for optical cavity locking. The photodetector is useful in continuous variable (CV) quantum information research.
The pulsed squeezed state plays a pivotal role in quantum information processing and precision measurement. In the detection of the pulsed squeezed state, the high noise power at its repetition rate prevents the achievement of a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Therefore, a high-SNR detector that can suppress the high noise power of the repetition rate of pulsed light is very crucial. In this paper, we present a high-SNR resonant balanced photodetector that filters out the noise power of the repetition rate by introducing an LC series notch filter. A 24.37 dB attenuation is obtained at the 80 MHz repetition rate by finely adjusting the capacitance of the LC series notch filter. Consequently, the photodetector's maximum SNR is improved to 19.60 dB, which is 5 dB higher than previous studies. Our work provides a key detection tool for the measurement of the pulsed squeezed state.
We demonstrate a low-noise, high-gain, and large-dynamic-range photodetector (PD) based on a junction field-effect transistor (JFET) and a charge amplifier for the measurement of quantum noise in Bell-state detection (BSD). Particular photodiode junction capacitance allows the silicon N-channel JFET 2sk152 to be matched to the noise requirement for charge amplifier A250. The electronic noise of the PD is effectively suppressed and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is up to 15 dB at the analysis frequency of 2.75 MHz for a coherent laser power of 50.08 µW. By combining of the inductor and capacitance, the alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) branches of the PD can operate linearly in a dynamic range from 25.06 µW to 17.50 mW. The PD can completely meet the requirements of SNR and dynamic range for BSD in quantum optics experiments.
High levels of laser power stability are necessary for high precision metrology applications. The classical limit for the achievable power stability is determined by the shot noise of the light used to generate a power control signal. Increasing the power of the detected light reduces the relative shot noise level and allows higher stabilities. However, sufficiently high power is not always available and the detection of high laser powers is challenging. Here, we demonstrate a nonclassical way to improve the achievable power stability without increasing the detected power. By the injection of a squeezed vacuum field of light we improve the classical laser power stability beyond its shot noise limit by 9.4_{-0.6}^{+0.6} dB at Fourier frequencies between 5 and 80 kHz. For only 90.6 μA of detected photocurrent we achieve a relative laser power noise of 2.0_{-0.1}^{+0.1}×10^{-8}/sqrt[Hz]. This is the first demonstration of a squeezed light-enhanced laser power stabilization and its performance is equivalent to an almost tenfold increase of detected laser power in a classical scheme. The analysis reveals that the technique presented here has the potential to achieve stability levels of 4.2×10^{-10}/sqrt[Hz] with 58 mA photocurrent measured on a single photodetector.
We report a low-noise compensated tuned amplifier (cTAMP) architecture optimized for large-area photodiodes in stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) detection. By integrating a tunable RLC feedback network with a matching compensation inductor, the design simultaneously achieves resonance enhancement and amplifier stability despite the high junction capacitance of a 10 × 10 mm 2 photodiode. As a proof of concept, a detector configured for 20 MHz center frequency and 1 MHz bandwidth exhibits an output-referred noise floor of 31 nV / Hz , enabling shot-noise-limited linear operation from 0.1 mW up to 36 mW optical power under ∼50 μs time constant in the near-IR region. This wide dynamic range and low noise performance allow faithful characterization of high-power squeezed states that saturate conventional detectors, as verified in photon-number squeezing experiments. In addition, the detector facilitates biocompatible ultrafast SRS microscopy with milliwatt-level excitation, supporting hyperspectral live cell imaging without compromising sensitivity. These results establish the cTAMP-based detector as a versatile platform for high-sensitivity quantum optics and biomedical imaging, with potential for extension to other modulation-based optical measurements.