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Tune-out Wavelength Measurement and Gyroscope Using Dispersion Compensation in an Atom Interferometer

Raisa Trubko

Published Jan 1, 2017• 0 citations

Abstract

This Dissertation describes how I used a three nanograting Mach-Zehnder atom beam interferometer to precisely measure a wavelength of light, known as a tune-out wavelength, that causes zero energy shift for an atom. I also describe how such measurements can be remarkably sensitive to rotation rates. It is well known that atom interferometry can be used to measure accelerations and rotations, but it was a surprise to find out that tune-out wavelength measurements can under certain conditions be used to report the absolute rotation rate of the laboratory with respect to an inertial frame of reference. I also describe how we created conditions which improve the accuracy of tune out wavelength measurements. These measurements are important because they serve as a benchmark test for atomic structure calculations of line strengths, oscillator strengths, and dipole matrix elements. I present a new measurement of the longest tune-out wavelength in potassium, λzero = 768.9701(4) nm. To reach sub-picometer precision, an optical cavity surrounding the atom beam paths of the interferometer was used. Although this improved the precision of our experiment by increasing the light-induced phase shifts, the cavity also brought several systematic errors to our attentions. For example, I found that large ±200 pm shifts in tune-out wavelengths can occur due to the Earth's rotation rate. To solve this problem, I demonstrated that controlling the optical polarization, the magnetic field, and the atom beam velocity distribution can either suppress or enhance these systematic shifts. Suppressing these systemic shifts in tune-out wavelengths is useful for precision measurements used to test atomic structure calculations. By enhancing these systematic shifts, the interferometer can be a gyroscope that utilizes tune-out wavelengths.

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Light at a magic-zero wavelength causes zero energy shift for an atom. We measured the longest magic-zero wavelength for ground state potassium atoms to be $λ_\textrm{zero}=768.971(1)$ nm, and we show how this provides an improved experimental benchmark for atomic structure calculations. This $λ_\textrm{zero}$ measurement determines the ratio of the potassium atom D1 and D2 line strengths with record precision. It also demonstrates a new application for atom interferometry, and we discuss how decoherence will fundamentally limit future measurements of magic-zero wavelengths.

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A new technique for maintaining high contrast in an atom interferometer is used to measure large de Broglie wave phase shifts. Dependence of an interaction induced phase on the atoms' velocity is compensated by applying an engineered counterphase. The counterphase is equivalent to a rotation, is precisely determined by a frequency, and can be used to measure phase shifts due to interactions of unknown strength. Phase shifts of 150 rad (5 times larger than previously possible) have now been measured in an atom beam interferometer, and we suggest that this technique can enable comparisons of atomic polarizability with precision of one part in 10,000.

arXiv:quant-ph/0305184•Physical Review Letters•Feb 12, 2004•23 citations

This Dissertation describes how I used a three nanograting Mach-Zehnder atom beam interferometer to precisely measure a wavelength of light, known as a tune-out wavelength, that causes zero energy shift for an atom. I also describe how such measurements can be remarkably sensitive to rotation rates. It is well known that atom interferometry can be used to measure accelerations and rotations, but it was a surprise to find out that tune-out wavelength measurements can under certain conditions be used to report the absolute rotation rate of the laboratory with respect to an inertial frame of reference. I also describe how we created conditions which improve the accuracy of tune out wavelength measurements. These measurements are important because they serve as a benchmark test for atomic structure calculations of line strengths, oscillator strengths, and dipole matrix elements. I present a new measurement of the longest tune-out wavelength in potassium, λzero = 768.9701(4) nm. To reach sub-picometer precision, an optical cavity surrounding the atom beam paths of the interferometer was used. Although this improved the precision of our experiment by increasing the light-induced phase shifts, the cavity also brought several systematic errors to our attentions. For example, I found that large ±200 pm shifts in tune-out wavelengths can occur due to the Earth's rotation rate. To solve this problem, I demonstrated that controlling the optical polarization, the magnetic field, and the atom beam velocity distribution can either suppress or enhance these systematic shifts. Suppressing these systemic shifts in tune-out wavelengths is useful for precision measurements used to test atomic structure calculations. By enhancing these systematic shifts, the interferometer can be a gyroscope that utilizes tune-out wavelengths.

The longest tune-out wavelength for potassium atoms, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{zero}}=768.9701(4)$ nm, was measured using an atom interferometer with a large irradiance gradient supported in a multipass optical cavity. Systematic errors in ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{zero}}$ measurements that arise from laser light, Doppler shifts, and the Earth's rotation are described. The ratio of oscillator strengths for the potassium

D2

and

D1

lines inferred from this ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{zero}}$ measurement is $\ensuremath{\rho}={f}_{D2}/{f}_{D1}=2.0066(11)$, and the ratio of line strengths is

R={S}_{D2}/{S}_{D1}=1.9977(11)

.

Atomic polarizability plays an essential role in topics ranging from van der Waals interactions, state lifetimes, and indices of refraction, to next generation atomic clocks and atomic parity non-conservation experiments. Polarizability measurements, such as the ones described in this thesis, provide valuable input to these subjects and serve as benchmark tests for sophisticated atomic structure calculations. We measured the static polarizability of potassium and rubidium with record precision and 0.5% uncertainty using a Mach-Zehnder atom interferometer with an electric-field gradient. To support future precision measurements of polarizability, we developed a new atom beam velocity measurement technique called phase choppers. Using phase choppers, we demonstrated measurements of mean atom beam velocity with an uncertainty of 0.1%. We also developed a new way to probe atomic structure: a measurement of a zero-crossing of the dynamic polarizability of potassium, known as a magic-zero wavelength. We measured the first magic-zero wavelength of potassium with 1.5 pm uncertainty and established a new benchmark measurement for the ratio of the D1 and D2 line strengths. Finally, we propose the use of a resonant photoionization detector for measurements of strontium polarizability, and the use of contrast interferometry for measurements of alkali dimer tensor polarizabilities.

Light at a magic-zero wavelength causes a zero energy shift for an atom. We measured the longest magic-zero wavelength for ground state potassium atoms to be λ(zero)=768.9712(15) nm, and we show how this measurement provides an improved experimental benchmark for atomic structure calculations. This λ(zero) measurement determines the ratio of the potassium atom D1 and D2 line strengths with record precision. It also demonstrates a new application for atom interferometry, and we discuss how decoherence will fundamentally limit future measurements of magic-zero wavelengths.

Light at a magic-zero wavelength causes zero energy shift for an atom. We measured the longest magic-zero wavelength for ground state potassium atoms to be

λ_\textrm{zero}=768.971(1)

nm, and we show how this provides an improved experimental benchmark for atomic structure calculations. This

λ_\textrm{zero}

measurement determines the ratio of the potassium atom D1 and D2 line strengths with record precision. It also demonstrates a new application for atom interferometry, and we discuss how decoherence will fundamentally limit future measurements of magic-zero wavelengths.

A new technique for maintaining high contrast in an atom interferometer is used to measure large de Broglie wave phase shifts. Dependence of an interaction induced phase on the atoms' velocity is compensated by applying an engineered counterphase. The counterphase is equivalent to a rotation, is precisely determined by a frequency, and can be used to measure phase shifts due to interactions of unknown strength. Phase shifts of 150 rad (5 times larger than previously possible) have now been measured in an atom beam interferometer, and we suggest that this technique can enable comparisons of atomic polarizability with precision of one part in 10,000.