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Novel quantum devices with built-in pi-phase shifts from combination of d-wave and s-wave superconductors

Ariando Ariando, Thomas Ortlepp, H.J.H. Smilde, Horst Rogalla, Hans Hilgenkamp

Published Nov 29, 2004• 0 citations
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The d-wave pairing symmetry in high-critical temperature superconductors makes it possible to realize superconducting rings with built-in pi phase shifts. Such rings have a twofold degenerate ground state that is characterized by the spontaneous generation of fractional magnetic flux quanta with either up or down polarity. We have incorporated pi phase-biased superconducting rings in a logic circuit, a flip-flop, in which the fractional flux polarity is controllably toggled by applying single flux quantum pulses at the input channel. The integration of p rings into conventional rapid single flux quantum logic as natural two-state devices should alleviate the need for bias current lines, improve device symmetry, and enhance the operation margins.
Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) have been realized with a built-in π∕2 phase shift of the superconducting wave function. Its design is inspired by the phase-shifter concept, first proposed by Ioffe et al. [Nature 398, 679 (1999)] as the key element in a solid-state qubit configuration. It exploits the dx2−y2 order parameter symmetry in the high-Tc cuprates in multilayer structures based on YBa2Cu3O7-Nb ramp-type Josephson contacts. By reversing the sign of the persistent circulating current in the phase-shifting element, the π∕2 SQUID can be controllably switched between two energetically degenerate ground states, with complementary magnetic flux dependencies.
The predominantly dx2−y2-pairing symmetry in most high-Tc superconductors provides the opportunity to fabricate Josephson junction circuits in which part of the junctions are biased by a phase difference of the superconducting order parameter of π. We present fabrication and measurements of an all high-Tc dc superconducting quantum interference device (dc SQUID) realized with thin-film technology, of which the Josephson junctions consist of one standard junction and one junction with a π-phase shift. The characteristics of the π-SQUID are compared with the properties of a standard high-Tc SQUID.