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IEEE Security & Privacy

Postquantum Cryptography—State of the Art

Johannes A Buchmann, Kristin Lauter, Michele Mosca

Published Jan 1, 2017• 44 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Because of public-key cryptography’s relevance and quantum computers’ increasingly realistic threat to this technology, it’s necessary to come up with practical and secure postquantum cryptography. This special issue aims to present the state of the art and the grand challenges in postquantum cryptography and to discuss the transition of real-world systems to the new technology.

DOI
10.1109/msp.2017.3151326

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Because of public-key cryptography’s relevance and quantum computers’ increasingly realistic threat to this technology, it’s necessary to come up with practical and secure postquantum cryptography. This special issue aims to present the state of the art and the grand challenges in postquantum cryptography and to discuss the transition of real-world systems to the new technology.
This is part 2 of IEEE Security & Privacy magazine’s special issue on Postquantum Cryptography. As explained in the introduction to part 1, public-key cryptography is indispensable for the security of open computer networks, particularly the Internet. Because of public-key cryptography’s relevance and quantum computers’ increasingly realistic threat to this technology, it’s necessary to come up with practical and secure postquantum cryptography—that is, public-key cryptography that can be expected to resist quantum computer attacks.
Quantum computing has tremendous potential to change the world by solving many previously unsolvable problems. However, with this tremendous computational power comes threats to our existing technologies safeguarding the world's communication channels and data storage. Specifically, it threatens our standardized and widely deployed cryptographic systems that are in use today. These existing cryptosystems are based on mathematical techniques that are difficult (essentially infeasible) for a classical computer to solve. Quantum computing presents a threat since many previously infeasible problems are likely to become feasible or even easy to solve by a quantum computer. This paper briefly reviews quantum computing and its properties before studying related work into postquantum cryptography. The eventuality of quantum computing is discussed based on readily available research and public information, in addition to expert opinion, which then provides insight into the eventuality of postquantum cryptography and the validity of action, or inaction, around this research. Further topics focus on the standardization of postquantum cryptosystems, and future research trends and opportunities in the field of postquantum cryptography.
The protection and security of information have always been and continue to be one of the major challenges we face today. Message encryption, digital signatures, financial and banking transactions, and the emerging cryptocurrency market are all threatened by the advancement of quantum computing and its potential ability to break the keys of current algorithms. Cryptographic environments based on public key encryption and digital signatures could be compromised by a sufficiently powerful quantum computer. Over the last decade, state organizations and companies dedicated to information technologies have made significant progress in the development of quantum and postquantum cryptography. This article aims to provide an overview of the advancements and evolution of quantum and post-quantum cryptography algorithms, highlighting their importance in creating secure encryption to mitigate the potential threats posed by quantum computing.
It is widely known that widely used public-key cryptography, such as RSA cryptography, will be broken when large-scale quantum computing becomes real. Cryptography, security, and privacy technologies are expected to change when such an era arrives. Research and development and standardization for protecting secure communication, storage, and utilization of confidential and personal information are actively conducted worldwide. In this environment, there is a lot of problems to be solved, including the research and development of post-quantum cryptography and the secure migration to them, computer security techniques that do not rely on computational assumptions, and privacy protection techniques.
The rise of quantum computing poses a significant threat to the security of such classical cryptographic systems, as they inherently depend on the computational difficulty of problems such as integer factorization and discrete logarithm. Examining Theoretical Foundations of Post-Quantum Cryptography: Challenges and Opportunities for Building Secure Cryptographic Protocols in the PostQuantum World This paper aims to explore how quantum computers will affect the current state of cryptography, contributing towards the ongoing discussion to upgrade our cryptographic systems' foundations in the face of potential quantum attacks and assessing the efforts for developing quantum-resilient algorithms. Quantum computers promise unprecedented computation power by harnessing the strange properties of quantum mechanics. While quantum algorithms still pose a significant threat to conventional cryptography, the emergence of post-quantum algorithms offer hope to secure our data in the quantum era