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ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society

Classical Solutions for Quantum Challenges: An Introduction to Postquantum Cryptography

Brad Long

Published Sep 1, 2023• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum computing has tremendous potential to change the world by solving many previously unsolvable problems. However, with this tremendous computational power comes threats to our existing technologies safeguarding the world's communication channels and data storage. Specifically, it threatens our standardized and widely deployed cryptographic systems that are in use today. These existing cryptosystems are based on mathematical techniques that are difficult (essentially infeasible) for a classical computer to solve. Quantum computing presents a threat since many previously infeasible problems are likely to become feasible or even easy to solve by a quantum computer. This paper briefly reviews quantum computing and its properties before studying related work into postquantum cryptography. The eventuality of quantum computing is discussed based on readily available research and public information, in addition to expert opinion, which then provides insight into the eventuality of postquantum cryptography and the validity of action, or inaction, around this research. Further topics focus on the standardization of postquantum cryptosystems, and future research trends and opportunities in the field of postquantum cryptography.

DOI
10.1145/3656021.3656030

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Quantum computing has tremendous potential to change the world by solving many previously unsolvable problems. However, with this tremendous computational power comes threats to our existing technologies safeguarding the world's communication channels and data storage. Specifically, it threatens our standardized and widely deployed cryptographic systems that are in use today. These existing cryptosystems are based on mathematical techniques that are difficult (essentially infeasible) for a classical computer to solve. Quantum computing presents a threat since many previously infeasible problems are likely to become feasible or even easy to solve by a quantum computer. This paper briefly reviews quantum computing and its properties before studying related work into postquantum cryptography. The eventuality of quantum computing is discussed based on readily available research and public information, in addition to expert opinion, which then provides insight into the eventuality of postquantum cryptography and the validity of action, or inaction, around this research. Further topics focus on the standardization of postquantum cryptosystems, and future research trends and opportunities in the field of postquantum cryptography.
In the modern world, technological advancements are being made nearly every day. However, some of these advancements also give way to new vulnerabilities in the security systems implemented in the world today. Specifically, the slowly growing realm of quantum computers has triggered many researchers and experts to raise the alarm on the security of current cryptographic methods used to safeguard personal and valuable information from unauthorized entities. Many experts agree that the topic of post-quantum cryptography is a field that needs immediate attention to prevent a severe crisis when quantum computers become stable enough to run reliably. While it has been slow to this point, a breakthrough will likely trigger a wave of innovation that could rapidly overtake the world. In this paper, the current cryptographic systems, the basics of quantum computing, and post-quantum cryptography as well as the new algorithms associated with it will be discussed. This paper will provide a base of information in which readers will be introduced to several viewpoints regarding the matter of post-quantum cryptography.
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The paper provides an exploration of quantum computing, emphasizing its potential and challenges. It begins with the fundamentals of quantum mechanics and differentiates between classical and quantum computing, focusing on concepts like qubits, superposition, and entanglement. The authors identify the existing limitations in practical quantum applications, particularly within the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era, where issues like noise in quantum circuits hinder scalability and reliability. The paper addresses the need for advancements in hardware, error correction techniques, and practical algorithms tailored for current technological constraints. Additionally, it discusses the implications of quantum computing on cryptography, underscoring the vulnerability of traditional cryptographic methods and the urgency for postquantum cryptographic solutions. The methodology involves literature review, expert consultations, and bibliometric analysis to gauge global research trends in quantum computing. The paper highlights crucial research gaps, particularly in the development of scalable quantum algorithms suitable for near-future applications.
Quantum computing, based on the principles of quantum mechanics, is rapidly gaining momentum as a promising field of information technology.However, with the growing capabilities of quantum computing comes a new level of cybersecurity.Quantum-secure cryptography is emerging as a response to the potential threats posed by quantum computers to traditional cryptographic methods.The main goal of quantum-secure cryptography is to ensure the security of data in information systems, as quantum computing becomes more and more accessible.In this study, we thoroughly studied the essence of quantum-secure cryptography, its fundamental principles and applications.We have explored the advantages and limitations of this new cryptographic paradigm and discussed the potential challenges that arise in the context of its implementation.In addition, we analyzed the current state of research in the field of quantum-secure cryptography and highlighted the prospects for further development of this intriguing technology.We have researched potential threats and possible ways to solve them.Additionally, we reviewed a quantum risk assessment methodology that helps identify and manage threats in the context of quantum security.Finally, we trace existing examples and recent developments in the field of quantum-secure cryptography, revealing their potential to improve information security in the future.Overall, the research allows for a better understanding of the importance and prospects of quantum-secure cryptography in today's digital world.
The emergence of a new era of quantum computing is on the horizon, presenting modern cryptography with a cluster of unprecedented threats.This review delves into the cryptographic techniques that risk being challenged in a postquantum environment and the algorithms that challenge these techniques.We first investigate aspects of traditional cryptography, covering both asymmetric and symmetric cryptography.Then, we analyze quantum computing and its impact on cryptographic techniques, notably Shor's and Grover's algorithms.Finally, we will research quantum-resistant solutions and explore our current status in post-quantum cryptography.This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the threats posed by quantum computing from a cryptographic standpoint and the approaches available to mitigate these risks for a more secure future.
The rapid growth of quantum computing poses a critical threat to classical cryptographic systems. That is due in large part to the fact that they represent efficient solutions for some of the most challenging mathematical problems such as integer factoring or finding discrete logarithms. Schemes currently in wide use including RSA, Diffie–Hellman, and elliptic curve cryptography are particularly susceptible to being attacked by quantum computers, using algorithms like Shor's Algorithm and Grover's Algorithm. The advent of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) provides a promising potential answer to providing longterm security from adversaries using quantum computing capabilities. This paper presents a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of various PQC techniques currently being researched, including lattice-based methods, code-based methods, multivariate methods, hash-based methods, and isogeny-based methods. key challenges that will need to be addressed include computational overhead, large key sizes and implementation complexity. Furthermore the study reviews the current standardization efforts by the National Institute of Standards and Technology related to PQC and discusses some of the very specific practical considerations that need to be considered before widely deploying these techniques. The paper concludes by a complete list of existing research challenges and proposed future work that will assist in the development of efficient and scalable systems that will resist attacks from quantum computers.