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International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices (NUSOD)

Four-wave mixing and rabi oscillations in quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifiers

Benjamin Lingnau, Marina Zajnulina, Kathy Lüdge

Published Jul 1, 2017• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Using a self-consistent delay-differential-equation model for the description of the nonlinear light propagation in InAs/InGaAs quantum-dot-in-a-well semiconductor optical amplifiers, we analyze the amplifier in a four-wave-mixing setup in terms of the conversion efficiency. Our model allows us to extract the hierarchy of nonlinear effects that constitute the four-wave-mixing process. We show that spectral hole burning in the quantum-dot medium facilitates wavelength conversion over a spectral detuning of several THz, whereas the effect of carrier heating and global carrier-density pulsations is found to be negligible. Furthermore we show that for high optical field amplitudes the emergence of Rabi oscillations leads to a flattening of the conversion efficiency, potentially allowing for ultra-broadband wavelength conversion and frequency comb generation.

DOI
10.1109/nusod.2017.8009976

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Using a self-consistent delay-differential-equation model for the description of the nonlinear light propagation in InAs/InGaAs quantum-dot-in-a-well semiconductor optical amplifiers, we analyze the amplifier in a four-wave-mixing setup in terms of the conversion efficiency. Our model allows us to extract the hierarchy of nonlinear effects that constitute the four-wave-mixing process. We show that spectral hole burning in the quantum-dot medium facilitates wavelength conversion over a spectral detuning of several THz, whereas the effect of carrier heating and global carrier-density pulsations is found to be negligible. Furthermore we show that for high optical field amplitudes the emergence of Rabi oscillations leads to a flattening of the conversion efficiency, potentially allowing for ultra-broadband wavelength conversion and frequency comb generation.
The theory of four-wave mixing (FWM) in the quantum dot (QD) semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) is discussed by combining the QD rate equations system, the quantum-mechanical density-matrix theory, and the pulse propagation in QD SOAs including the three region of QD structure ground state (GS), excited state (ES), and wetting layer. Also, relations for differential gain, gain integral, and nonlinear susceptibility of both pump, probe, and signal pulses were discussed. Gain and differential gain have been calculated for QD structure. FWM efficiency and its components [spectral hole burning (SHB), carrier heating, and carrier density pulsation] are calculated. It is found that inclusion of ES in the formulas and in the calculations is essential since it works as a carrier reservoir for GS. It is found that QD SOA with enough capture time from ES to GS will reduce the SHB component, and so it is suitable for telecommunication applications that require symmetric conversion and independent detuning.
We present a new steady-state frequency-domain model of highly nondegenerate four-wave mixing in bulk semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA's). The model can handle a large number of interacting optical fields and situations in which the nonlinear interactions are complex. It accounts for the longitudinal dependence of the population inversion in the SOA and the spectral dependence of the gain. Carrier population pulsations, spectral-hole burning, and carrier heating, which dominate the nonlinear response over bandwidths into the terahertz range, are included. The model also includes output amplified spontaneous emission noise and allows important system parameters such as signal-to-noise ratio and noise figure to be estimated. A number of applications of the model are presented in which good agreement between theoretical and experimental results is demonstrated.
Slow and fast light in quantum-well (QW) and quantum-dot (QD) semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) using nonlinear quantum optical effects are presented.We demonstrate electrical and optical controls of fast light using the coherent population oscillation (CPO) and four wave mixing (FWM) in the gain regime of QW SOAs.We then consider the dependence on the wavelength and modal gain of the pump in QW SOAs.To enhance the tunable photonic delay of a single QW SOA, we explore a serial cascade of multiple amplifiers.A model for the number of QW SOAs in series with variable optical attenuation is developed and matched to the experimental data.We demonstrate the scaling law and the bandwidth control by using the serial cascade of multiple QW SOAs.Experimentally, we achieve a phase change of 160 • and a scaling factor of four at 1 GHz using the cascade of four QW SOAs.Finally, we investigate CPO and FWM slow and fast light of QD SOAs.The experiment shows that the bandwidth of the time delay as a function of the modulation frequency changes in the absorption and gain regimes due to the carrier-lifetime variation.The tunable phase shift in QD SOA is compared between the ground-and first excited-state transitions with different modal gains.
Abstract : Slow and fast light schemes are attractive for many applications including optical signal processing and RF phased array antennas. Semiconductor based schemes offer electrical control of velocity at very high bandwidths in an extremely compact device. Further they operate at room temperature and can be easily integrated into various optical systems. In this program, we used ultrafast nonlinearities in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) to achieve tunable time shifts at THz frequencies. In particular, we leveraged the spectral hole burning phenomena and demonstrated fast light in quantum well (QW) and quantum dot (QD) SOAs. The research included both theoretical and experimental efforts. Theoretical work was developed to understand and simulate experimental results and to optimize device designs. We introduced a novel pulse compression technique to reduce the pulse width to 100 fs to efficiently use ultra-fast nonlinearities in SOAs to achieve a large and cascadable delay. We implemented a novel chirped pulse scheme and obtained the largest advance-pulse-product of 10.7 with THz bandwidth. We demonstrated slow and fast light with GHz RF signal in QW/QD SOAs using coherent population oscillation and four-wave mixing. We also demonstrated cascaded SOAs in a loop to scale up the delay/advance.
We report direct observations of Rabi oscillations and self-induced transparency in a quantum dot optical amplifier operating at room temperature. The experiments make use of pulses whose durations are shorter than the coherence time which are characterized using Cross-Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating. A numerical model which solves the Maxwell and Schrödinger equations and accounts for the inhomogeneously broadened nature of the quantum dot gain medium confirms the experimental results. The model is also used to explain the relationship between the observability of Rabi oscillations, the pulse duration and the homogeneous and inhomogeneous spectral widths of the semiconductor.