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Some Study on Uncertainty Principle

Ishtaq Ahmad, Neyaz Ahmad

Published Jan 1, 2015• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In the present paper, we introduce a new form of uncertainty principle in terms of moment generating function(m.g.f) and find the upper bound of the product for the time spread σt and frequency spread σω of a signal f(t)∈ L 2 (R) in terms of the Mathematical expectation and also in case of self-adjoint operators. Further, we find the estimation of frequency at any instant of time and vice-versa.

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In the present paper, we introduce a new form of uncertainty principle in terms of moment generating function(m.g.f) and find the upper bound of the product for the time spread σt and frequency spread σω of a signal f(t)∈ L 2 (R) in terms of the Mathematical expectation and also in case of self-adjoint operators. Further, we find the estimation of frequency at any instant of time and vice-versa.
The uncertainty relation is introduced by using operators which are not necessarily self-adjoint. In general, the uncertainty (lower) limit is different for different functions. Operators are found that define the second moments and the uncertainty limit for their product such that the limit is the same for functions obtained from each other by applying unitary support-size preserving operators, e.g. by shifting in time and frequency. In this case, for all functions of finite energy the limit is related to the minimum support size in the time-frequency domain. Moreover, it is possible to find the discrete-time counterpart of the classical uncertainty relation for continuous-time functions. The operator calculus presents results from signal analysis in a more standard form extensively used in quantum mechanics.
We obtain both a global and local uncertainty principle for the short-time Fourier transform. Explicit expressions are obtained for the uncertainty product in terms of the uncertainty product of the signal and window. Although the uncertainty product of the spectrogram is not the sum of the uncertainty products of the window and signal, nonetheless, we show that the global uncertainty product has to be greater than one. We also derive local uncertainty relations which indicate how the local spread in time and frequency are related at a particlar time–frequency point. In addition, we obtain general results for the time, scale, and frequency moments of the scalogram in terms of the moments of the signal and mother wavelet. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
The phenomenon in the essence of classical uncertainty principles is well known since the thirties of the last century. We introduce a new phenomenon which is in the essence of a new notion that we introduce: "Generalized Uncertainty Principles". We show the relation between classical uncertainty principles and generalized uncertainty principles. We generalized "Landau-Pollak-Slepian" uncertainty principle. Our generalization relates the following two quantities and two scaling parameters: 1) The weighted time spreading ∫−∞∞∣f(x)∣2w1(x)dx\int_{-\infty}^\infty |f(x)|^2w_1(x)dx∫−∞∞​∣f(x)∣2w1​(x)dx, (w1(x)w_1(x)w1​(x) is a non-negative function). 2) The weighted frequency spreading ∫−∞∞∣f^(ω)∣2w2(ω)dω\int_{-\infty}^\infty |\hat{f}(ω)|^2w_2(ω)dω∫−∞∞​∣f^​(ω)∣2w2​(ω)dω. 3) The time weight scale aaa, w1a(x)=w1(xa−1){w_1}_a(x)=w_1(xa^{-1})w1​a​(x)=w1​(xa−1) and 4) The frequency weight scale bbb, w2b(ω)=w2(ωb−1){w_2}_b(ω)=w_2(ωb^{-1})w2​b​(ω)=w2​(ωb−1). "Generalized Uncertainty Principle" is an inequality that summarizes the constraints on the relations between the two spreading quantities and two scaling parameters. For any two reasonable weights w1(x)w_1(x)w1​(x) and w2(ω)w_2(ω)w2​(ω), we introduced a three dimensional set in R3R^3R3 that is in the essence of many uncertainty principles. The set is called "possibility body". We showed that classical uncertainty principles (such as the Heiseneberg-Pauli-Weyl uncertainty principle) stem from lower bounds for different functions defined on the possibility body. We investigated qualitative properties of general uncertainty principles and possibility bodies. Using this approach we derived new (quantitative) uncertainty principles for Landau-Pollak-Slepian weights. We found the general uncertainty principles related to homogeneous weights, w1(x)=w2(x)=xkw_1(x)=w_2(x)=x^kw1​(x)=w2​(x)=xk, k∈Nk\in Nk∈N, up to a constant.
It is sometimes said that one can't localize a signal simultaneously in time and frequency. This can be misleading. It's not that we can't localize the signal in time and frequency. The signal itself can't be concentrated simultaneously in time and in frequency. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle does not limit what we can know about reality; it describes that reality. The shorter-lived a function, the wider the band of frequencies given by its Fourier transform; the narrower the band of frequencies of its Fourier transform, the more the function is spread out in time.
A new form of the time-energy uncertainty principle is presented. It has the form \ensuremath{\tau} \ensuremath{\Delta}E\ensuremath{\ge}3\ensuremath{\pi}51/2{5}^{1/2}51/2/25, where \ensuremath{\tau} is the average lifetime of a decaying state, and \ensuremath{\Delta}E is the energy spread of the state computed from \ensuremath{\Delta}E2{E}^{2}E2=〈E2{E}^{2}E2〉-〈E〉2{〉}^{2}〉2. The particular state for which the above relationship becomes an equality is identified, and it is proved that all other states give a greater \ensuremath{\tau} \ensuremath{\Delta}E product. This general result should have a wide range of applications.
Abstract Uncertainty relations quantify the joint localisation in time respectively space domain and Fourier domain. For that reason they are an important tool in the design of wavelets. Uncertainty relations in higher dimension are most often realized as the tensor product of one dimensional uncertainty relations, whence these uncertainty relations are not invariant under rotations. The property of invariance with respect to rotation is however very desirable for image processing. We will give a new uncertainty relation for sets of self‐adjoint operators that yields the desired invariance in many examples. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)