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Optics Express

Fault-tolerant distribution of GHZ states and controlled DSQC based on parity analyses

Li Dong, Yan-Fang Lin, Cen Cui, Haikuan Dong, Xiao‐Ming Xiu, Yajun Gao

Published Jul 24, 2017• 16 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Based on the circuit including linear optical elements, a fault-tolerant distribution of GHZ states against collective noise among three parties is proposed. Additionally, two controlled DSQC protocols using the shared GHZ states as quantum channels are also presented under the charge of the controller. The first controlled DSQC protocol applies single parity analysis based on weak cross-Kerr nonlinearities. The receiver Bob performs single-photon measurement to obtain the secret information after the outcome publication of the single parity analysis executed by the sender Alice. The second protocol applies dense coding to double information transmission capacity, and the double parity analyses based on weak cross-Kerr nonlinearities are performed to obtain the secret information.

DOI
10.1364/oe.25.018581

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Based on the circuit including linear optical elements, a fault-tolerant distribution of GHZ states against collective noise among three parties is proposed. Additionally, two controlled DSQC protocols using the shared GHZ states as quantum channels are also presented under the charge of the controller. The first controlled DSQC protocol applies single parity analysis based on weak cross-Kerr nonlinearities. The receiver Bob performs single-photon measurement to obtain the secret information after the outcome publication of the single parity analysis executed by the sender Alice. The second protocol applies dense coding to double information transmission capacity, and the double parity analyses based on weak cross-Kerr nonlinearities are performed to obtain the secret information.
We propose a quantum secure direct communication protocol via a collective noise channel, exploiting polarization-entangled Bell states and the nondemolition parity analysis based on weak cross-Kerr nonlinearities. The participant Bob, who will receive the secret information, sends one of two photons in a polarization-entangled Bell state exploiting the transmission circuit against the collective noise to the participant Alice, who will send the secret information, by the means of photon block transmission. If the first security check employing the nondemolition parity analysis is passed, the task of securely distributing the quantum channel is fulfilled. Encoding secret information on the photons sent from Bob by performing single-photon unitary transformation operations, Alice resends these photons to Bob through the transmission circuit against the collective noise. Exploiting the nondemolition parity analysis to distinguish Bell states, Bob can obtain the secret information from Alice after the second security check is passed, and the resulting Bell states can be applied to other tasks of quantum information processing. Under the condition of the secure quantum channel being confirmed, the photons that are utilized in the role of the security check can be applied to the function of secure direct communication, thus enhancing the efficiency of transmitting secret information and saving a lot of resources.
Splitting and acquiring quantum information with perfect WWW states based on weak cross-Kerr nonlinearities
With the assistance of weak cross-Kerr nonlinear interaction between photons and coherent states via Kerr media, we propose a scheme to split and acquire quantum information with three-photon perfect W states.By means of a fault-tolerant circuit, the perfect W states are distributed to the participants without being affected by the collective noise.And on this basis we present a scheme for splitting and acquiring a single-photon state with the shared perfect W states. Together with the mature techniques of classical feed-forward, simple and available linear optical elements are applied in the procedure, enhancing the feasibility of the theoretical scheme proposed here.........
We present a fault-tolerate three-party quantum secret sharing (QSS) scheme over a collective-noise channel. Decoherence-free subspaces are used to tolerate two noise modes, a collective-dephasing channel and a collective-rotating channel, respectively. In this scheme, the boss uses two physical qubits to construct a logical qubit which acts as a quantum channel to transmit one bit information to her two agents. The agents can get the information of the private key established by the boss only if they collaborate. The boss Alice encodes information with two unitary operations. Only single-photon measurements are required to rebuilt Alice's information and detect the security by the agents Bob and Charlie, not Bell-state measurements. Moreover, Almost all of the photons are used to distribute information, and its success efficiency approaches 100% in theory.
We propose a protocol of quantum privacy comparison with polarization-entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (Bell) states and the coherent states. One of two legitimate participants, Alice, prepares polarization-entangled Bell states and keeps one photon of each photon pair and sends the other photons to the third party, Charlie. Receiving the photons, Charlie performs single-photon transformation operations on them and then sends them to the other legitimate participant, Bob. Three participants adopt parity analysis method to check the distribution security of Bell states. Exploiting polarization beam splitters and nonlinear interactions mediated by the probe coherent states in Kerr media, Alice and Bob check the parities of their photons using the bases of {∣H⟩,∣V⟩}\{\ket H, \ket V\}{∣H⟩,∣V⟩} or {∣+⟩,∣−⟩}\{\ket +, \ket -\}{∣+⟩,∣−⟩}. On the basis of the parity analysis outcomes and Charlie's publicized information, they can analyze the security of the distributed quantum channel. Confirming secure distribution of the shared Bell states, two participants perform respective parity measurements on the privacy photons and own photons of Bell states, and then send the results to Charlie. According to information provided by two legitimate participants and his single-qubit transformation operations, Charlie compares the privacy information of Alice and Bob and publicizes the conclusion.
A novel scheme for realizing dense coding with Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger(GHZ) state in linear optical system is proposed.In this protocol,Alice codes on photon 1 and 2 by linear optical element and sents these photons to Bob.Then Bob performs a joint measurement on photons 1,2,and 3 with the GHZ basis by employing two quantum nondemolition detectors(QND) and polarizing beam splitter(PBS).Eight GHZ states can be completely discriminated.According to the outcomes of his measurement,Bob can determine what operation Alice applied.Alice only transmits two photons in this process of the quantum dense coding,but Bob can obtain three bits of classical information.The QND devices are generally based on cross-Kerr nonlinearities,and the cross-Kerr nonlinearities are available with electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT).
Based on the GHZ-like state, we proposed a new efficient three-party controlled quantum secure direct communication protocol for the sender to send secret information to the receiver with the permission and assistance of the controller. In this scheme, the controller prepares GHZ-like state and performs random unitary operation on the particles, and the sender encodes secret information onto his particles using dense coding and then transmits them though the quantum channel. The receiver can recover the secret information based on the controller's information and the results of the Bell basis measurement. The operations performed by the controller ensure that the receiver cannot obtain any part of the secret information without the permission of the controller. In addition, it is proved that the efficiency of the proposed scheme is higher than the existing protocols by comparison.