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Optics Express

Single-Photon Propagation Time through Dielectric Bandgaps: Large Variation Due to Small Structural Changes | NIST

Natalia B. Rutter, Sergey Vladimirovich Polyakov, Paul D. Lett, Alan L. Migdall

Published Feb 1, 2010• 0 citations
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Theoretical models of photon traversal through quarter-wave dielectric stack barriers that arise due to Bragg reflection predict the saturation of the propagation time with the barrier length, known as the Hartman effect. This saturation is sensitive to the addition of single dielectric layers, varying significantly from sub-luminal to apparently super-luminal and vice versa. Our research tests the suitability of photonic bandgaps as an optical model for the tunneling process. Of particular importance is our observation of subtle structural changes in dielectric stacks drastically affecting photon traversal times, allowing for apparent sub- and super-luminal effects. We also introduce a simple model to link HOM visibility to wavepacket distortion that allows us to exclude this as a possible cause of the loss of contrast in the barrier penetration process.
We study the propagation of electromagnetic pulses through photonic bandgap materials and relate time-domain pulse reshaping to observable transit times. For layered dielectric mirrors we demonstrate how pulse reshaping of slowly varying classical fields results in transit-time delays that are equivalent to the group delay. The time-domain analysis emphasizes the causal origin of negative group delays. We also study an analogous fully-quantized model and show how the same time-domain analysis may be used to interpret observed delays of single-photon fields.