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Optics Communications

Effect of source spectral width and its temporal coherence in the interference pattern of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer

Suchita, R. Vijaya

Published Jun 29, 2017• 7 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.optcom.2017.06.063

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We investigate a Mach-Zehnder interferometer fed by two time-dependently driven single-particle sources, one of them placed in front of the interferometer, the other in the center of one of the arms. As long as the two sources are operated independently, the signal at the output of the interferometer shows an interference pattern, which we analyze in the spectral current, in the charge and energy currents, as well as in the charge current noise. The synchronization of the two sources in this specifically designed setup allows for collisions and absorptions of particles at different points of the interferometer, which have a strong impact on the detected signals. It introduces further relevant time scales and can even lead to a full suppression of the interference in some of the discussed quantities. The complementary interpretations of this phenomenon in terms of spectral properties and tunable two-particle effects (absorptions and quantum exchange effects) are put forward in this paper.
Fourth-order interference patterns of biphotons generated by type-I spontaneous parametric downconversion are examined for beams with partial angular and spectral entanglement, both for degenerate and nondegenerate constituent photons. Two-beam configurations using a single beam-splitter interferometer and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer are explicitly studied, as are four-beam configurations using pairs of beam splitters and Mach-Zehnder interferometers. The interference pattern generally comprises a number of harmonic functions of the path-length difference with frequencies and visibilities that usually depend on direction, and may have a finite or infinite duration (fourth-order coherence length). The relation between the visibility and the spectral indistinguishability of the two beams is established. Certain components of the interference pattern are independent of direction so that they are not washed out by the use of apertures of finite size.
The development of dynamic single-electron sources has made it possible to observe and manipulate the quantum properties of individual charge carriers in mesoscopic circuits. Here, we investigate multi-particle effects in an electronic Mach-Zehnder interferometer driven by a series of voltage pulses. To this end, we employ a Floquet scattering formalism to evaluate the interference current and the visibility in the outputs of the interferometer. An injected multi-particle state can be described by its first-order correlation function, which we decompose into a sum of elementary correlation functions that each represent a single particle. Each particle in the pulse contributes independently to the interference current, while the visibility (given by the maximal interference current) exhibits a Fraunhofer-like diffraction pattern caused by the multi-particle interference between different particles in the pulse. For a sequence of multi-particle pulses, the visibility resembles the diffraction pattern from a grid, with the role of the grid and the spacing between the slits being played by the pulses and the time delay between them. Our findings may be observed in future experiments by injecting multi-particle pulses into a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.