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Focus: Atoms Organize Themselves

Michael Schirber

Published Mar 15, 2013• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

A theoretical model finds that atoms can organize themselves into a regularly spaced row when trapped between a pair of nanosized optical fibers.

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Dynamics and spatial order of atoms confined in an optical lattice

T. HANSCH and A. HEMMERIC A. GORLITZ

Journal of Modern Optics•Oct 1, 1997•0 citations
We calculate electric field distributions of the output beam from a LP01 mode in a micro-sized hollow optical fiber under the Fresnel approximation and find that the output beam characteristics in free space is similar to that of a TEM01* doughnut laser beam. We propose a simple theoretical model, a modified TEM01* doughnut beam, to simulate the free-space output beam from the LP01 mode in hollow fibers, and discuss potential applications of the LP01-mode output beam in atomic guiding, funneling, cooling, and trapping. Our study shows that this model is in good agreement with the numerical results derived from the Fresnel diffraction theory (except near the weak first-order diffraction ring around the zero-order diffraction peak). The model can be conveniently used to calculate the optical potential, gradient force, light-induced acceleration, spontaneous-emission rate, and quantum tunneling loss in atomic guiding, funneling, and trapping with the LP01-mode output beam in free space. It can be also used to study the optical-potential evaporative cooling of cold atoms in a gravito-optical trap constructed by the LP01-mode output beam.
In this thesis, I present the realization of a fiber-optical interface using optically trapped cesium atoms, which is an efficient tool for coupling light and atoms. The basic principle of the presented scheme relies on the trapping of neutral cesium atoms in a two-color evanescent field surrounding a nanofiber. The strong confinement of the fiber guided light, which also protrudes outside the nanofiber, provides strong confinement of the atoms as well as efficient coupling to near-resonant light propagating through the fiber. In chapter 1, the necessary physical and mathematical background describing the propagation of light in an optical fiber is presented. The exact solution of Maxwell’s equations allows us to model fiber-guided light fields which give rise to the trapping potentials and the atom-light coupling in the close vicinity of a nanofiber. Chapter 2 gives the theoretical background of light-atom interaction. A quantum mechanical model of the light-induced shifts of the relevant atomic levels is reviewed, which allows us to quantify the perturbation of the atomic states due to the presence of the trapping light-fields. The experimental realization of the fiber-based atom trap is the focus of chapter 3. Here, I analyze the properties of the fiber-based trap in terms of the confinement of the atoms and the impact of several heating mechanisms. Furthermore, I demonstrate the transportation of the trapped atoms, as a first step towards a deterministic delivery of individual atoms. In chapter 4, I present the successful interfacing of the trapped atomic ensemble and fiber-guided light. Three different approaches are discussed, i.e., those involving the measurement of either near-resonant scattering in absorption or the emission into the guided mode of the nanofiber. In the analysis of the spectroscopic properties of the trapped ensemble we find good agreement with the prediction of theoretical model discussed in chapter 2. In addition, I introduce a non-destructive scheme for the interrogation of the atoms states, which is sensitive to phase shifts of far-detuned fiber-guided light interacting with the trapped atoms. The inherent birefringence in our system, induced by the atoms, changes the state of polarization of the probe light and can be thus detected via a Stokes vector measurement.
We propose that micrometer-sized atom traps can be created using the optical dipole force between the ends of two single-mode optical fibers carrying counterpropagating light beams of two different wavelengths from both fibers. The traps have a simple design that is feasible to implement with commercially available products. They can be used as a flexible ``atom tweezer'' to manipulate atoms in free space without the need for traditional focused laser beams. A particularly interesting feature is the formation of a static ring-shaped trap for properly chosen beam parameters. Furthermore, this ring can be split into two longitudinally adjacent rings. Microscopic ring traps such as this could have important applications in atom interferometry and fundamental investigations of Bose-Einstein condensates.