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Frontiers in Optics

Cluster State Generation Using Fibre Sources

Alex S. Clark, Bryn A. Bell, Jérémie Fulconis, M. Halder, John G. Rarity, Mark Tame, M. S. Kim

Published Jan 1, 2010• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

By pumping a birefringent photonic crystal fibre in opposite directions we generate time-bandwidth limited entangled photon pairs. Performing a fusion gate on photons from two independent sources we create and characterize a four-qubit cluster state.
DOI
10.1364/fio.2010.fmf5

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Pure state single photons are at the heart of optical quantum technologies. We have previously reported the generation of photon pairs by four-wave mixing in a single-mode photonic crystal fibre (PCF) and the use of a new birefringent phase matching scheme which results in the generation of narrowband signal photons, around 0.2 nm in bandwidth, and a factorizable photon pair state with no requirement for spectral filtering, leading to increased count rates. Our source is bright, polarized, and tuneable by variable laser wavelength and fibre parameters. Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference is observed between photons from two of these sources, a requirement for optical quantum information tasks.
Summary form only given. Spontaneous four wave mixing (FWM) in photonic crystal fibre (PCF) is a promising approach to improved sources of photon pairs for quantum information applications. When pumped by a bright pulsed laser, the χ3nonlinearity of silica can produce correlated photons between a signal and idler wavelength equally spaced above and below the pump in frequency [1]. In PCF, the microstructure surrounding the silica core can be chosen to engineer the dispersion of the fibre, which allows control of the phase-matched signal and idler wavelengths, and even over the degree of spectral correlation between signal and idler - in particular, avoiding all spectral correlation can result in heralded photons in an intrinsically pure quantum state, without the usual need for lossy filtering [2]. Other advantages of PCF include a high brightness with moderate pump power due to the small guided mode area and long interaction length, and good coupling efficiency to single mode fibre for detection because the photons are generated in a similar mode shape.Multi-partite entangled states have many applications across quantum information, but cluster or graph states have recieved particular attention due to the potential for scalable, universal quantum computing based on measurement of a large cluster state [3]. In this paper, we discuss experimental methods for the generation of entanglement between four qubits, using two sources of polarization entangled photon pairs from PCFs setup in Sagnac loops, and quantum interference at a polarizing beamsplitter (Fig. 1a) to perform a fusion operation [4, 5]. We present results for 3 and 4 photon GHZ states with respective fidelities of 75% and 67%, and for a `star-cluster' state equivalent to a rotated GHZ state (Fig. 1b and c). Using this state, we demonstrate logic gates in the measurement based model of quantum computing [6]. We will also discuss progress in using interferometric path degrees of freedom for two of the photons to extend the cluster state with additional qubits (Fig 1d).
Single photons are at the heart of optical quantum technologies such as quantum cryptography, quantum computing and quantum metrology. In this paper we report on the creation of photon pairs via four-wave-mixing (FWM) in birefringent photonic crystal fibres (PCF). It has recently been suggested that for thoroughly engineering the phase matching condition of a birefringent PCF, photon pairs can by created in an intrinsically pure state and narrow band. This can be achieved for cross-polarized phase matching, where two pump photons in the slow axis are converted into a pair of photons, polarized in the orthogonal fast axis. The aim is to produce such intrinsically pure and narrow-band photons and hence to achieve high non-classical interference visibility without any requirement for spectral filtering. In order to experimentally test the purity of our heralded single photons we performed a Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment using heralded signal photons generated in separate PCF sources.