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Resonance fluorescence and superfluorescence of intersubband transitions

Nathan Shammah

Published Jul 1, 2016• 2 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Intersubband transitions are unbound electronic transitions of doped quantum wells, semiconductors heterostructures with a planar symmetry. I theoretically studied the fluorescence of a strongly pumped intersubband transition, finding that the many electron nature of such a system leads to a modification of the usual Mollow triplet. In particular, the intensity of the central peak in the fluorescence spectrum becomes a function of the electron coherence, allowing access to the coherence time of a quasi two-dimensional electron gas through a fluorescence intensity measurement. Moreover, while transitions between the two states of the ac Stark-split doublet are forbidden in centrosymmetric systems, and thus almost impossible to observe in experiments performed with atoms they become allowed in asymmetric quantum wells, in which the wave function symmetry can be broken. I developed a many-body theory describing also this intradoublet emission, showing that by using doped asymmetry, the emission can be orders of magnitude higher than in previously studied systems. This opens the way to the realization of monolithic and tunable terahertz emitters since the Rabi frequency at which this emission occurs lies in the terahertz range and can be tuned by the pump power. Finally, I have investigated if superfluorescence can occur in intersubband transitions. In order to do so I used a general quantum master equation that includes dephasing and nonradiative emission to model the many-body system in solid state. Performing a second-order approximation allowed to obtain a closed system of equations that were studied analytically and numerically, verifying that in the regimes characteristic of intersubband transitions cooperative effects leading to powerful bursts of light could be observed experimentally.

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Abstract The coherent interaction between a two-level system and electromagnetic fields serves as a foundation for fundamental quantum physics and modern photonic quantum technology. A profound example is resonance fluorescence, where the non-classical photon emission appears in the form of a Mollow-triplet when a two-level system is continuously driven by a resonant laser. Pushing resonance fluorescence from a static to dynamic regime by using short optical pulses generates on-demand emissions of highly coherent single photons. Further increasing the driving strength in the dynamical regime enables the pursuit of exotic non-classical light emission in photon number superposition, photon number entanglement, and photon bundle states. However, the long-sought-after spectrum beyond the Mollow-triplet, a characteristic of dynamic resonance fluorescence under strong driving strength, has not been observed yet. Here we report the direct observation and systematic investigations of dynamic resonance fluorescence spectra beyond the Mollow-triplet in a solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamic system. The dynamic resonance fluorescence spectra with up to five pairs of side peaks, excitation detuning induced spectral asymmetry, and cavity filtering effect are observed and quantitatively modeled by a full quantum model with phonon scattering included. Time-resolved measurements further reveal that the multiple side peaks originate from interference of the emission associated with different temporal positions of the excitation pulses. Our work facilitates the generation of a variety of exotic quantum states of light with dynamic driving of two-level systems.

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Intersubband transitions are unbound electronic transitions of doped quantum wells, semiconductors heterostructures with a planar symmetry. I theoretically studied the fluorescence of a strongly pumped intersubband transition, finding that the many electron nature of such a system leads to a modification of the usual Mollow triplet. In particular, the intensity of the central peak in the fluorescence spectrum becomes a function of the electron coherence, allowing access to the coherence time of a quasi two-dimensional electron gas through a fluorescence intensity measurement. Moreover, while transitions between the two states of the ac Stark-split doublet are forbidden in centrosymmetric systems, and thus almost impossible to observe in experiments performed with atoms they become allowed in asymmetric quantum wells, in which the wave function symmetry can be broken. I developed a many-body theory describing also this intradoublet emission, showing that by using doped asymmetry, the emission can be orders of magnitude higher than in previously studied systems. This opens the way to the realization of monolithic and tunable terahertz emitters since the Rabi frequency at which this emission occurs lies in the terahertz range and can be tuned by the pump power. Finally, I have investigated if superfluorescence can occur in intersubband transitions. In order to do so I used a general quantum master equation that includes dephasing and nonradiative emission to model the many-body system in solid state. Performing a second-order approximation allowed to obtain a closed system of equations that were studied analytically and numerically, verifying that in the regimes characteristic of intersubband transitions cooperative effects leading to powerful bursts of light could be observed experimentally.
The fluorescence spectrum of a strongly pumped two-level system is characterized by the Mollow triplet that has been observed in a variety of systems, ranging from atoms to quantum dots and superconducting qubits. We theoretically studied the fluorescence of a strongly pumped intersubband transition in a quantum well. Our results show that the many-electron nature of such a system leads to a modification of the usual Mollow theory. In particular, the intensity of the central peak in the fluorescence spectrum becomes a function of the electron coherence, allowing access to the coherence time of a two-dimensional electron gas through a fluorescence intensity measurement.
Resonant optical coupling experiments have demonstrated coherent quantum interference between the Stark-split "dressed states" of a synthesized 3-level electronic system in a semiconductor quantum well. Analysis of the dephasing mechanisms reveals dipole selection rules closely analogous to those seen in atomic spectroscopy experiments. In this respect, these systems behave as "artificial atoms" for the purposes of observing a range of nonclassical coherent optical effects. The prospects for exploiting them for scalable quantum information processing applications are more promising than previous dephasing models would have predicted.
We investigate theoretically coherent control of optical absorption and emission (optical gain) in semiconductor double wells by use of two coherent light sources. Our analysis is based on a microscopic theory of optical excitation in semiconductors which accounts for many-body effects. Specifically, we show that electron–hole pair (exciton) formation in an asymmetric double well can be controlled by intensity and phase of a dc microwave (MW) field if the pulse duration lies below the MW-induced Rabi period. Similarly, resonant MW fields are shown to allow control of intersubband absorption and emission spectra of semiconductor heterostructures.
The coherent interaction between a two-level system and electromagnetic fields serves as a foundation for fundamental quantum physics and modern photonic quantum technology. A profound example is resonance fluorescence, where the non-classical photon emission appears in the form of a Mollow-triplet when a two-level system is continuously driven by a resonant laser. Pushing resonance fluorescence from a static to dynamic regime by using short optical pulses generates on-demand emissions of highly coherent single photons. Further increasing the driving strength in the dynamical regime enables the pursuit of exotic non-classical light emission in photon number superposition, photon number entanglement, and photon bundle states. However, the long-sought-after spectrum beyond the Mollow-triplet, a characteristic of dynamic resonance fluorescence under strong driving strength, has not been observed yet. Here we report the direct observation and systematic investigations of dynamic resonance fluorescence spectra beyond the Mollow-triplet in a solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamic system. The dynamic resonance fluorescence spectra with up to five pairs of side peaks, excitation detuning induced spectral asymmetry, and cavity filtering effect are observed and quantitatively modeled by a full quantum model with phonon scattering included. Time-resolved measurements further reveal that the multiple side peaks originate from interference of the emission associated with different temporal positions of the excitation pulses. Our work facilitates the generation of a variety of exotic quantum states of light with dynamic driving of two-level systems.
This work focuses on the many-body properties of semiconductor nanostructures for quantum engineering of infrared optoelectronic devices. In particular, we theoretically investigate the optical response accounting for collective effects in systems of tunnel-coupled quantum wells. A clear manifestation of these effects appears in the optical spectrum of highly doped quantum wells, where the absorption peaks are at completely different energies with respect to the single-particle electronic transitions. We calculate light-matter interaction in two steps. First, we consider the microscopic polarization associated with the electronic transitions between confined levels of the wells, which are all coupled by dipole-dipole Coulomb interaction. Then we calculate the interaction of the resulting collective states with the electromagnetic field. The absorption spectrum is finally expressed in terms of microscopic currents, describing the collective charge oscillations. The theoretical model is applied to a series of relevant systems, and its outcomes are compared with experimental results. As the collective states are issued from the coherent superposition of several electronic excitations, they have the properties of superradiant states. They are thus a promising entity for the realization of efficient light emitters in the mid- and far-infrared frequency range.
Abstract The coherent interaction between a two-level system and electromagnetic fields serves as a foundation for fundamental quantum physics and modern photonic quantum technology. A profound example is resonance fluorescence, where the non-classical photon emission appears in the form of a Mollow-triplet when a two-level system is continuously driven by a resonant laser. Pushing resonance fluorescence from a static to dynamic regime by using short optical pulses generates on-demand emissions of highly coherent single photons. Further increasing the driving strength in the dynamical regime enables the pursuit of exotic non-classical light emission in photon number superposition, photon number entanglement, and photon bundle states. However, the long-sought-after spectrum beyond the Mollow-triplet, a characteristic of dynamic resonance fluorescence under strong driving strength, has not been observed yet. Here we report the direct observation and systematic investigations of dynamic resonance fluorescence spectra beyond the Mollow-triplet in a solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamic system. The dynamic resonance fluorescence spectra with up to five pairs of side peaks, excitation detuning induced spectral asymmetry, and cavity filtering effect are observed and quantitatively modeled by a full quantum model with phonon scattering included. Time-resolved measurements further reveal that the multiple side peaks originate from interference of the emission associated with different temporal positions of the excitation pulses. Our work facilitates the generation of a variety of exotic quantum states of light with dynamic driving of two-level systems.