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Oxford University Press eBooks

Unitary Equivalence and Physical Equivalence

Laura Ruetsche

Published Feb 5, 2013• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This chapter evaluates whether unitary equivalence is an appropriate criterion of physical equivalence for quantum theories that fall outside the scope of the comforting uniqueness results. It describes the Stone-von Neumann and Jordan-Wigner uniqueness results, provides examples of unitarily inequivalent representations, and proposes an alternative to unitary equivalence as a criterion for physical equivalence. The chapter also offers an impressionistic introduction to the rudiments of operator algebra theory.

DOI
10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195392043.013.0015

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This chapter evaluates whether unitary equivalence is an appropriate criterion of physical equivalence for quantum theories that fall outside the scope of the comforting uniqueness results. It describes the Stone-von Neumann and Jordan-Wigner uniqueness results, provides examples of unitarily inequivalent representations, and proposes an alternative to unitary equivalence as a criterion for physical equivalence. The chapter also offers an impressionistic introduction to the rudiments of operator algebra theory.
We analyze the issue of unitary equivalence within Generalized Uncertainty Principle (GUP) theories in the one-dimensional case. For a deformed Heisenberg algebra, its representation in terms of Hilbert space and conjugate operators is not uniquely determined, raising the question of whether different realizations of the same algebra are equivalent and describe the same physics. After proposing a definition of a quantum GUP theory, we establish conditions for unitary equivalence. Using this framework, we rigorously prove that two commonly used representations are unitarily equivalent, specifying the conditions under which this equivalence holds. We demonstrate this equivalence explicitly by providing a unitary map and showing how both GUP formulations yield the same physical results in two examples: the quantum harmonic oscillator and a free-falling particle. Finally, we discuss a case where equivalence fails, suggesting that a generalization of the Stone-von Neumann theorem may not be possible within the GUP framework under our definition of unitary equivalence.
This chapter catalogs circumstances under which the reassuring uniqueness results presented in Chapter 2 break down. The Stone-von Neumann theorem presupposes a continuity condition; with that presupposition suspended, it becomes possible to equip the quantum theory of a single mechanical system with exact position eigenstates. The Stone-von Neumann theorem presupposes the classical theory to be quantized to be set in Euclidean space; when systems such as a bead on a circle are quantized, the theorem breaks down and unitarily inequivalent representations of the physics ensue. Finally, the Stone-von Neumann and Jordan-Wigner theorems presuppose finitely many degrees of freedom. They therefore fail to apply to quantum field theories (because a field, assigning a value to each point of space[time] has infinitely many degrees of freedom), or theories at the thermodynamic (infinite volume) limit of quantum statistical mechanics. The chapter presents simple examples of infinite systems and their unitarily inequivalent quantizations: the free Klein-Gordon field and the infinite spin chain.
Abstract According to a regnant criterion of physical equivalence for quantum theories, a quantum field theory (QFT) typically admits continuously many physically inequivalent realizations. This, the second of a two‐part introduction to topics in the philosophy of QFT, continues the investigation of this alarming circumstance. It begins with a brief catalog of quantum field theoretic examples of this non‐uniqueness, then presents the basics of the algebraic approach to quantum theories, which discloses a structure common even to ‘physically inequivalent’ realizations of a QFT. Finally, it introduces and evaluates a handful of strategies for interpreting quantum theories in the face of the non‐uniqueness of their Hilbert space representations.
This chapter catalogs interpretative responses to the breakdown of unitary equivalence in QM∞. These range from ‘Hilbert Space Conservatism’ to ‘Algebraic Imperialism’. Maintaining the ordinary quantum mechanics account of physical equivalence in terms of unitary equivalence, the Hilbert Space Conservative takes unitarily inequivalent representations of the CCRs/CARs for a theory of QM∞ to be rivals, at most one of which could convey the content of that theory. Asserting the physics of a theory of QM∞ to reside in the abstract algebraic structure all its representations share, the Algebraic Imperialist announces criteria for the physical equivalence of quantum theories — including the criterion of ‘weak equivalence’ — at odds with the traditional criterion of unitary equivalence.
This chapter explicates the Hamiltonian scheme for quantizing classical mechanical theories by finding a Hilbert space representation of the appropriate canonical commutation relations. The chapter also reviews the canonical anticommutation relations, which encapsulate the quantum mechanics of spin systems. Having catalogued reasons to regard unitary equivalence as a robust criterion of physical equivalence for quantum theories obtained by finding representations of the CCRs/CARs, the chapter presents a pair of theorems—the Stone-von Neumann and Jordan-Wigner theorems—that establish that, provided only finitely many degrees of freedom are involved, all representations of the CCRs/CARs for a given quantum theory are unitarily (and so presumptively physically) equivalent.
A physical theory often admits different mathematical descriptions. Classical mechanics has three familiar formulations: the traditional Newton’s formulation, the Lagrange’s and the Hamilton’s formulations. It is easy to see that these are physically equivalent. Quantum mechanics also admits many different formulations. This chapter discusses how different mathematical descriptions of a probability theory based on a Hilbert space can be physically equivalent. The prescription does not single out a unique Hilbert space nor a unique set of unit vectors and operators for the description of a given quantum system. This non-uniqueness does not matter since operators and unit vectors themselves are not physically measurable quantities. Two different mathematical descriptions of a quantum system are physically equivalent if the unit vectors and selfadjoint operators for the representation of states and observables in the two descriptions are related by a simultaneous unitary transformation.