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Applied Physics Letters

Weak coupling between bright and dark resonators with electrical tunability and analysis based on temporal coupled-mode theory

Quanhong Fu, Fuli Zhang, Yuancheng Fan, Jiajia Dong, Weiqi Cai, Wei Ming Zhu, Shuang Chen, Ruisheng Yang

Published May 29, 2017• 45 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate the electrically tunable Electromagnetic induced transparency (EIT)-like effect of active metamaterial structures composed of a wire and a split ring resonator by the simulation, experiment, and temporal coupled-mode theory. It is illustrated that an EIT-like effect appears as a result of weak coupling between bright and dark resonators. Around the EIT-like peak frequency, the superradiant resonance mode of the bright resonator is highly suppressed by the subradiant resonance mode of the dark resonator, and high transmittance as well as large group delay is manifested. By integrating a varactor diode into the EIT structure and altering the bias voltage, the EIT-like effect can be dynamically tuned. As the bias voltage ranges from 0 V to 8 V, the EIT-like peak frequency exhibits a prominent blueshift of 0.22 GHz and the transmittance experiences a modulation with a modulation depth up to 98%. Using the temporal coupled-mode theory, the transmission spectrum of the EIT structure is predicted and the parameters of the resonator system are retrieved.

DOI
10.1063/1.4984596

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We investigate the electrically tunable Electromagnetic induced transparency (EIT)-like effect of active metamaterial structures composed of a wire and a split ring resonator by the simulation, experiment, and temporal coupled-mode theory. It is illustrated that an EIT-like effect appears as a result of weak coupling between bright and dark resonators. Around the EIT-like peak frequency, the superradiant resonance mode of the bright resonator is highly suppressed by the subradiant resonance mode of the dark resonator, and high transmittance as well as large group delay is manifested. By integrating a varactor diode into the EIT structure and altering the bias voltage, the EIT-like effect can be dynamically tuned. As the bias voltage ranges from 0 V to 8 V, the EIT-like peak frequency exhibits a prominent blueshift of 0.22 GHz and the transmittance experiences a modulation with a modulation depth up to 98%. Using the temporal coupled-mode theory, the transmission spectrum of the EIT structure is predicted and the parameters of the resonator system are retrieved.
Abstract The realization of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) on metamaterials has special properties, such as strong slow-light, frequency-selection and so on, which have allowed EIT to be widely used in the fields of slow-light, optical storages and filters. In this paper, a metamaterial with two pairs of split ring resonators and one cut-wire is designed to achieve dual-band EIT effect at 0.5–2.14 GHz and 0.4–2.10 GHz with independently tunable bandwidths of 1.64 GHz and 2.7 GHz, respectively. The coupled Lorentz model is adopted to principally study the coupling characteristics between dark and bright modes. It is shown that the coupling strength between the dark and bright modes could be modulated by the coupling distance, which make the dual-band transparent window could be independently modulated by only changing the coupling distance between the bright and dark mode. The group delay and energy storage are also simulated by setting the Gaussian pulse signal passing through the EIT structure. The results show that the group delay of the designed EIT structure is 16.9 times that of the same thickness of dielectric material. The manufactured metamaterial is tested in a microwave anechoic chamber. The experimental and theoretical results are well consistent. These results could be beneficial for the development of EIT research toward some up-and-coming novel slow-light, optical storage, sensor and optical filter applications.
Abstract In this paper, we propose a microstrip Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity embedded with an active electromagnetically-induced-transparency-like (EIT-like) meta-molecule to investigate the electrically switchable behavior. The phenomenon of EIT is achieved by coupling a “bright” comb-line resonator with a “dark” split-ring resonator. The FP cavity is fabricated by etching two narrow slots on a microstrip line. With two different resonance mechanisms working together, the proposed composite EIT-cavity design is shown to exhibit the enhanced EIT-like transmission characteristics, accompanied by two sharp Fano-type line-shapes. By incorporating PIN diodes into the composite EIT-cavity structure, we can dramatically modulate the transmission spectrum via external DC voltage. In particular, we show the multi-band unity modulations through biasing the proposed active samples. Moreover, the slow light on-to-off switching processes are also obtained with modifying the state of PIN diode from dielectric to conductive. Our results may open important opportunities for fabricating dynamic functional photonic devices in the future.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is a promising technology for the enhancement of light-matter interactions, and recent demonstrations of the quantum EIT realized in artificial micro-structured medium have remarkably reduced the extreme requirement for experimental observation of EIT spectrum. In this paper, we propose to electrically control the EIT spectrum in a metamaterial for an electromagnetic modulator. A diode acting as a tunable resistor is loaded in the gap of two paired wires to inductively tune the magnetic resonance, which induces remarkable modulation on the EIT spectrum through the metamaterial sample. The experimental measurements confirmed that the prediction of electromagnetic modulation in three narrow bands on the EIT spectrum, and a modulation contrast of up to 31 dB was achieved on the transmission through the metamaterial. Our results may facilitate the study on active/dynamical technology in translational metamaterials, which connect extraordinary manipulations on the flow of light in metamaterials, e.g., the exotic EIT, and practical applications in industry.
The realization of tunable metasurfaces is of fundamental importance for boosting the electromagnetic field control ability. Especially, it is important to put forward new modulation methods to further understand their underlying modulation mechanism and expand their application range. In this paper, tunable electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) metasurfaces based on the phase change material Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Different from previous modulation methods of directly introducing the GST film below the metasurfaces, here a two-step lithography method is introduced to combine independent GST strips with bright and dark meta-atoms in the EIT structures, respectively, achieving the independent modulation of the EIT-like spectra. In addition, by applying temporal coupled-mode theory (TCMT), the EIT-like spectra with different GST crystallization levels were analysed and the corresponding characteristic parameters were determined simultaneously. These fitting results reveal that GST strips can modulate the resonances of the bright and dark meta-atoms independently by shifting the resonant frequency and increasing the decay rate, which in turn result in the different modulation features of the EIT-like spectra. This method improves the degree of freedom of active modulation and provides a new route for tunable slow light devices.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in metamaterials is studied experimentally in a waveguide system with tunable intrinsic loss. There is a window in the transmission spectrum with nearly unchanged maximum transmittance, which is the result of simultaneous suppression of reflection and absorption. Group delay measurements demonstrate the transmission-delay product is almost independent of the intrinsic loss while the bandwidth-delay product is affected. Dynamic evolution of EIT in metamaterials is also investigated and we observe parameter-controllable excitation transfer from the bright resonator to the dark resonator during the process of EIT buildup.
Using a planar metamaterial, which consists of two silver strips, we theoretically demonstrate the plasmonic electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT)-like spectral response at optical frequencies. The two silver strips serve as the bright modes, and are excited strongly by the incident wave. Based on the weak hybridization between the two bright modes, a highly-dispersive plasmonic EIT-like spectral response appears in our scheme. Moreover, the group index is higher than that of another scheme which utilizes the strong coupling between the bright and dark modes.