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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Vibration-induced electrical noise in a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator: Characterization, mitigation, and impact on qubit coherence

Arne Laucht, Rachpon Kalra, Juan Pablo Dehollain, Daniel Bär, Solomon Freer, Stephanie Simmons, Juha T. Muhonen, Andrea Morello

Published Mar 14, 2017• 0 citations
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Cryogen-free low-temperature setups are becoming more prominent in experimental science due to their convenience and reliability, and concern about the increasing scarcity of helium as a natural resource. Despite not having any moving parts at the cold end, pulse tube cryocoolers introduce vibrations that can be detrimental to the experiments. We characterize the coupling of these vibrations to the electrical signal observed on cables installed in a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator. The dominant electrical noise is in the 5-10 kHz range and its magnitude is found to be strongly temperature dependent. We test the performance of different cables designed to diagnose and tackle the noise, and find triboelectrics to be the dominant mechanism coupling the vibrations to the electrical signal. Flattening a semi-rigid cable or jacketing a flexible cable in order to restrict movement within the cable, successfully reduces the noise level by over an order of magnitude. Furthermore, we characterize the effect of the pulse tube vibrations on an electron spin qubit device in this setup. Coherence measurements are used to map out the spectrum of the noise experienced by the qubit, revealing spectral components matching the spectral signature of the pulse tube.
We develop a small-signal measurement system on cryogen-free dilution refrigerator which is suitable for superconducting qubit studies. Cryogen-free refrigerators have several advantages such as less manpower for system operation and large sample space for experiment, but concern remains about whether the noise introduced by the coldhead can be made sufficiently low. In this work, we demonstrate some effective approaches of acoustic isolation to reduce the noise impact. The electronic circuit that includes the current, voltage, and microwave lines for qubit coherent state measurement is described. For the current and voltage lines designed to have a low pass of dc-100 kHz, we show that the measurements of Josephson junction's switching current distribution with a width down to 1 nA, and quantum coherent Rabi oscillation and Ramsey interference of the superconducting qubit can be successfully performed.
The superconducting quantum computer with strong data storage capability and fast execution speed has attracted a lot of attention in recent years and is finding practical applications in fields such as finance, military, biomedicine, and artificial intelligence. To suppress the thermal noise and to achieve high coherence, the quantum chips require millikelvin temperature, which poses a significant challenge for the suitable cryogenic system. The dilution refrigerator (DR) with ultra-low vibration and electromagnetic interference becomes an appropriate candidate for this purpose. To achieve the aimed millikelvin temperature, a cryogen-free DR composed of a Gifford-McMahon type pulse tube refrigerator (GM-type PTR), Joule-Thompson refrigerator (JTR), and dilution unit is investigated. This article presents the structural design of the DR and the coupling system with superconducting quantum chips. The cooling performance of the designed DR is estimated based on the developed cryogenic system. The minimum deduced temperature of 0.76 K in the still is achieved and the next steps to obtain the final temperature of 5 mK are underway.