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An Accurate FPGA-Based Hardware Emulation on Quantum Fourier Transform

Mohamed Khalil-Hani, Y. H. Lee, Muhammad Nadzir Marsono

Published Jan 1, 2015• 17 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Powerful parallelism is among the leading attractions to- wards quantum computing research. Before large-scale quantum computers become viable, the use of field- programmable gate array (FPGA) technology which can mimic the behavior of quantum parallelism is vital. In this paper, a methodology to perform mapping of quan- tum algorithms for efficient quantum hardware emulations is proposed. The case study to demonstrate the proposed methodology is the emulation of quantum Fourier trans- form. With the design considerations on the superposi- tion and entangled input state as well as the choice of ef- ficient hardware architecture, the proposed work provides a guideline for conducting accurate FPGA-based quantum hardware emulations for practical quantum applications.

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Powerful parallelism is among the leading attractions to- wards quantum computing research. Before large-scale quantum computers become viable, the use of field- programmable gate array (FPGA) technology which can mimic the behavior of quantum parallelism is vital. In this paper, a methodology to perform mapping of quan- tum algorithms for efficient quantum hardware emulations is proposed. The case study to demonstrate the proposed methodology is the emulation of quantum Fourier trans- form. With the design considerations on the superposi- tion and entangled input state as well as the choice of ef- ficient hardware architecture, the proposed work provides a guideline for conducting accurate FPGA-based quantum hardware emulations for practical quantum applications.
Hardware emulation based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) platform is vital to harness the power of quantum parallelism. As resource requirement grows exponentially in classical modeling quantum system, an optimum hardware architecture is crucial to emulate practical quantum circuits. Quantum Fourier transform (QFT) finds application in several critical quantum algorithms. In this work, experiments are conducted based on QFT to identify suitable qubit representation and hardware design technique. Experimental results show that 24-bit fixed point representation and serial architecture achieve optimal computation accuracy and resource utilization in QFT circuit emulation.
Hardware emulation of quantum systems can mimic more efficiently the parallel behaviour of quantum computations, thus allowing higher processing speed-up than software simulations. In this paper, an efficient hardware emulation method that employs a serial-parallel hardware architecture targeted for field programmable gate array (FPGA) is proposed. Quantum Fourier transform and Grover’s search are chosen as case studies in this work since they are the core of many useful quantum algorithms. Experimental work shows that, with the proposed emulation architecture, a linear reduction in resource utilization is attained against the pipeline implementations proposed in prior works. The proposed work contributes to the formulation of a proof-of-concept baseline FPGA emulation framework with optimization on datapath designs that can be extended to emulate practical large-scale quantum circuits.
Although, there have been considerable advances in quantum technology, a great scale quantum computer will not be available until about a few years. In the meantime, it requires quantum emulators which allow to study the existing quantum algorithms and the design of new ones. We propose a flexible method to emulate quantum circuits which reduces design and processing time. In this context, we propose a design framework that takes advantage of field-programmable gate array (FPGA) parallel processing technology in combination with high-level programming tools provided by Vivado. In order to show the design method working Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) is implemented. Every step of the design is described and circuit performance is studied for different cases of input vector data sizes.
The Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) has an important role in some of the most interesting and useful quantum algorithms, such as those for period finding, order finding, phase estimation and factoring. Most of the research carried out on the QFT has been developed using software simulators, however these do not emulate efficiently the quantum parallelism present in the quantum algorithms. Addressing this problem, this paper presents the hardware design of an emulator for computing the QFT using FPGAs. This emulator was designed considering a modular philosophy and it is expected to be a powerful tool to evaluate quantum algorithms that include a many-qubit QFT.
Quantum computation shows its great advantage on exponential speed-up for some complex algorithms. Compared to software simulation with sequential execution, hardware emulation based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) can help to realize the intrinsic quantum parallelism. Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) is the core of several quantum algorithms like Shor's algorithm. This paper proposes a recursive decomposition of QFT-n, which can be emulated with a pipeline architecture based on Intel Stratix IV FPGA device. Although QFT-8 is much more complex than QFT-5, experimental results show that our QFT-8 architecture can reduces 91% DSP blocks and 76% combinational ALUTs at the cost of 11x registers compared with QFT-5 in [4] on average.
Quantum hardware emulators using field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have been demonstrated to efficiently exploit the inherent parallelism of quantum algorithms and perform better than sequential software simulators. However, one key problem in mapping quantum circuits on FPGAs is the exponential increase in resource requirements with the increase in the number of quantum bits (qubits). As a result, the precision of hardware emulators is often reduced to save resources and accommodate larger quantum circuits which results in lower accuracy and lower throughput. In this paper, we present a full precision FPGA quantum emulator that uses 32-bit floating-point arithmetic and has a fully pipelined architecture. Our emulator is capable of emulating an entangled 4-qubit quantum system performing Quantum Fourier Transform, Grover's Search algorithms on a single FPGA node. Our experimental work was conducted on a highly scalable multi-node (multi-FPGA) state-of-the-art high-performance reconfigurable computer (HPRC). Experimental results show that our emulator is functionally accurate and has a higher operating frequency relative to other emulators. For emulating larger-scale circuits we propose using a multi-node architecture scheme with low latency, high bandwidth inter-node communication.