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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

A Microscopic Fabry-Perot Cavity for Quantum Optics with NV Centers

Erika Janitz, Yannik Fontana, Maximilian Ruf, Mark Dimock, Jack C. Sankey, Lilian Childress

Published Mar 16, 2017• 0 citations
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Towards quantum computing using nitrogen vacancy centers: optimising photon collection

Mai, ZF

Nitrogen vacancy centres in diamond have shown strong potential for use as qubits in quantum computing. However, nitrogen vacancy centres have a low percentage of overall emission emitted through the Zero Phonon Line (ZPL). In addition, the fabrication of NV centres with controlled positioning is limited. This thesis presents the ZPL linewidth characterisation of NV centres fabricated using laser writing and laser diffusion. Only one out of the six NV centres characterised showed a <100 MHz average single scan linewidth, which suggests that the laser diffusion process needs to improved. The low ZPL emission can be enhanced by cavity coupling to Fabry-Pérot microcavities. Fabry-Pérot microcavities are susceptible to vibrations, which will decouple the cavity from the NV centre and reduce the photon enhancement. A cavity stabilisation system based on cavity fringe stabilisation is implemented, and the results of the stability are presented. The Fabry-Pérot microcavity can be stabilised with 0.13 nm using fringe stabilisation. High collection efficiency of the emission is also desired for maximising the entanglement rate and is reduced by optical aberrations. For NV centres in bulk diamond, using Solid Immersion Lenses (SILs) removes the spherical aberration that is introduced when collecting NV emission through a planar interface. This thesis presents the results of modelling the aberrations for NV centres cavity coupled to a Fabry-Pérot microcavity and for hemispherical SILs on diamond. The wavefronts of the aberrations introduced by the planar mirror of the microcavity and the aberrations introduced by the positioning error of the SIL are modelled numerically. A deformable mirror is implemented into a confocal microscope to monitor the aberrations of the photonic devices and the results are compared with the numerical model. For Fabry-Pérot microcavities, the intensity loss caused by the aberrations introduced by the planar mirror was predicted to be less than 10 \% due to the thin mirror substrate and low numerical aperture of the cavity mode. This prediction was consistent with the experimental results where an effective 3 \% increase in light collection was observed with aberration correction. For the SILs, the model predicts that the collection efficiency is more sensitive to the lateral positioning of the SIL relative to the NV centre than the axial positioning error.

•Jan 1, 2024•0 citations

Coupling nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond to fiber-based Fabry-Pérot microcavities

Hanno Kaupp

This thesis investigates the coupling of the fluorescence of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond to tunable optical microresonators at ambient conditions, in particular in the regime of Purcell enhancement. We use fiber-based, open-access Fabry-Pérot cavities optimized for high finesse and ultra-small mode volume. Different regimes of cavity enhancement are studied that are complementary to each other: A first experiment relies on a high-finesse cavity with dielectric mirrors. The scaling laws of Purcell enhancement are explicitly demonstrated by a large-range variation of both the cavity mode volume (V = 16 − 600 µm^3 ) and the quality factor (Q = 6 · 10^3 − 2 · 10^6). We detect an enhancement of the emission spectral density by up to a factor of 300. The full potential of this resonator can be exploited with emitters having a linewidth which is narrower than the resonance linewidth of the cavity. This concept holds promise for the implementation of wavelength-tunable, narrow-band single-photon sources as well as the generation of indistinguishable single-photons at ambient conditions. However, for broad-band emitters like the NV center at room temperature, the emission lifetime is not affected noticeably in this configuration. In order to directly observe lifetime changes and Purcell-enhanced single-photon emission, we manufacture fiber-based cavities with silver-coated mirrors having ultra-small mode volumes, as small as V = 1.0 λ^3 = 0.34 µm^3. We demonstrate cavity-enhanced fluorescence imaging, which allows to locate and analyze several single NV centers with one cavity. The Purcell effect is evidenced by an enhanced fluorescence collection of up to 1.6 · 10^6 photons per second from single-NV centers and a tunable variation of the emission lifetime corresponding to an effective Purcell factor of up to 2. We furthermore investigate a benefcial regime of optical confinement where the Fabry-Pérot cavity mode is combined with additional mode confinement by the diamond nanocrystal itself, enabling sub-λ^3 mode volumes. We perform simulations that predict effective Purcell factors of up to 11 for NV centers and of up to 63 for silicon-vacancy centers, revealing a great potential for bright single-photon sources and effcient spin readout at ambient conditions.

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Theoretical developments in cavity quantum optics: a brief review

Pierre Meystre

Physics Reports•Oct 1, 1992•48 citations
Nitrogen vacancy centres in diamond have shown strong potential for use as qubits in quantum computing. However, nitrogen vacancy centres have a low percentage of overall emission emitted through the Zero Phonon Line (ZPL). In addition, the fabrication of NV centres with controlled positioning is limited. This thesis presents the ZPL linewidth characterisation of NV centres fabricated using laser writing and laser diffusion. Only one out of the six NV centres characterised showed a <100 MHz average single scan linewidth, which suggests that the laser diffusion process needs to improved. The low ZPL emission can be enhanced by cavity coupling to Fabry-Pérot microcavities. Fabry-Pérot microcavities are susceptible to vibrations, which will decouple the cavity from the NV centre and reduce the photon enhancement. A cavity stabilisation system based on cavity fringe stabilisation is implemented, and the results of the stability are presented. The Fabry-Pérot microcavity can be stabilised with 0.13 nm using fringe stabilisation. High collection efficiency of the emission is also desired for maximising the entanglement rate and is reduced by optical aberrations. For NV centres in bulk diamond, using Solid Immersion Lenses (SILs) removes the spherical aberration that is introduced when collecting NV emission through a planar interface. This thesis presents the results of modelling the aberrations for NV centres cavity coupled to a Fabry-Pérot microcavity and for hemispherical SILs on diamond. The wavefronts of the aberrations introduced by the planar mirror of the microcavity and the aberrations introduced by the positioning error of the SIL are modelled numerically. A deformable mirror is implemented into a confocal microscope to monitor the aberrations of the photonic devices and the results are compared with the numerical model. For Fabry-Pérot microcavities, the intensity loss caused by the aberrations introduced by the planar mirror was predicted to be less than 10 \% due to the thin mirror substrate and low numerical aperture of the cavity mode. This prediction was consistent with the experimental results where an effective 3 \% increase in light collection was observed with aberration correction. For the SILs, the model predicts that the collection efficiency is more sensitive to the lateral positioning of the SIL relative to the NV centre than the axial positioning error.
This thesis investigates the coupling of the fluorescence of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond to tunable optical microresonators at ambient conditions, in particular in the regime of Purcell enhancement. We use fiber-based, open-access Fabry-Pérot cavities optimized for high finesse and ultra-small mode volume. Different regimes of cavity enhancement are studied that are complementary to each other: A first experiment relies on a high-finesse cavity with dielectric mirrors. The scaling laws of Purcell enhancement are explicitly demonstrated by a large-range variation of both the cavity mode volume (V = 16 − 600 µm^3 ) and the quality factor (Q = 6 · 10^3 − 2 · 10^6). We detect an enhancement of the emission spectral density by up to a factor of 300. The full potential of this resonator can be exploited with emitters having a linewidth which is narrower than the resonance linewidth of the cavity. This concept holds promise for the implementation of wavelength-tunable, narrow-band single-photon sources as well as the generation of indistinguishable single-photons at ambient conditions. However, for broad-band emitters like the NV center at room temperature, the emission lifetime is not affected noticeably in this configuration. In order to directly observe lifetime changes and Purcell-enhanced single-photon emission, we manufacture fiber-based cavities with silver-coated mirrors having ultra-small mode volumes, as small as V = 1.0 λ^3 = 0.34 µm^3. We demonstrate cavity-enhanced fluorescence imaging, which allows to locate and analyze several single NV centers with one cavity. The Purcell effect is evidenced by an enhanced fluorescence collection of up to 1.6 · 10^6 photons per second from single-NV centers and a tunable variation of the emission lifetime corresponding to an effective Purcell factor of up to 2. We furthermore investigate a benefcial regime of optical confinement where the Fabry-Pérot cavity mode is combined with additional mode confinement by the diamond nanocrystal itself, enabling sub-λ^3 mode volumes. We perform simulations that predict effective Purcell factors of up to 11 for NV centers and of up to 63 for silicon-vacancy centers, revealing a great potential for bright single-photon sources and effcient spin readout at ambient conditions.