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Scientific Reports

Hybrid Three-Mode Correlation and Squeezing in a Pr3+:YSO Crystal

Zongchen Liu, Irfan Ahmed, Garuma Abdisa, Zihai Jiang, Shuwei Fan, Hongxing Wang, Yanpeng Zhang

Published May 5, 2017• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We report the generation of three-mode hybrid intensity-noise correlation and intensity-difference squeezing of spontaneous parametric four-wave mixing (SP-FWM) and fourth-order fluorescence (FL) signals in the heteronuclear-like (three-level Λ-type) molecular structure of a Pr3+:Y2SiO5 (Pr3+:YSO) crystal using the nonlinear cross-Kerr effect under a polarized dressing effect. In the semi-classical view of a Kerr nonlinear medium, the amplitude of two-mode hybrid correlations of this kind is subject to a limit determined by the hybrid maximally entangled state. Whereas the degree of correlation and squeezing is determined by the dressing effects of the input laser fields participating in the SP-FWM process. We also find that the variations in magnitude of three-mode hybrid intensity-noise correlation and intensity-difference squeezing are consistent with nonlinear cross-Kerr processes. Such a three-mode hybrid signal may have potential applications in long-distance communication, dense coding, all-optical communication and quantum storage on photonic chips.

DOI
10.1038/s41598-017-01860-8

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We report dressed intensity noise correlation and intensity-difference squeezing based on spontaneous parametric four-wave mixing (SP-FWM) in Pr³⁺:Y₂SiO₅ crystal both experimentally and theoretically. We found such intensity noise correlation and intensity-difference squeezing can be controlled by using the dressing effect to manipulate the nonlinear optical coefficient of the SP-FWM process. By changing detuning and power of the optical field, we manipulate the nonlinear optical coefficient of the SP-FWM process, thus control the correlation and squeezing. The results show stronger correlation and squeezing with single dressing, while weaker near the resonant point due to destructive double dressing. Furthermore,we observed the dependence of correlation times on the power of dressing field, and explained by the combination of the dressing effect and induced dipole-dipole interaction. We also showed the fourth-order fluorescence signals accompanying with the SP-FWM process.
Two- and three-mode correlation and squeezing of spontaneous parametric four-wave mixing (SPFWM) and fourth-order fluorescence (FL) composite signals are investigated theoretically and experimentally in both homonuclear (two-level) and heteronuclearlike (V-type level) molecular systems of Pr3+\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{r}}^{3+}Pr3+:YSO. By selecting different time positions, changing the power, and changing the frequency detuning of the laser field, the competition between the composite signals is demonstrated. It is found that as the laser parameters change, the signal evolves from a nonlinear ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(4)}$ process resulting in a FL signal to a SPFWM signal $({\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(3)}$ process). In addition, the competition effect between the signals determines the evolution of the shape of the correlation from a pure sharp to a two-stage (mixed) shape and finally to a pure broad peak amplitude. Furthermore, the signal evolution determines the magnitude of squeezing, which can control the noise level. Such progress may find potential applications in optical hybrid communication and information processing.
We report the symmetry-dependent intensity–noise correlation and the intensity-difference squeezing of spontaneous parametric four-wave mixing (SP-FWM) and fluorescence (FL) hybrid signals from the different phases [hexagonal (H) + tetragonal (T), T + H] of Pr3+: YPO4 and Eu3+: YPO4 crystals. The competition between FL and SP-FWM in hybrid signals determines the amplitude and hybrid line shape of the two-mode and three-mode correlation. The correlation amplitude switches from positive to negative due to strong double dressing caused by a high transition probability and a dipole moment of the (more H + less T)-phase of Pr3+: YPO4. This switching phenomenon is used to realize a metal–oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor-based logic inverter. Furthermore, the line shape of correlation changes from broad to sharp due to weak dressing, transition probability, and a low dipole moment of the (more T + less H)-phase of Pr3+: YPO4. Based on these results, we proposed the model of a tunable correlation filter. Gate position, frequency detuning, and laser power control the amplitude and hybrid line shape. Our experimental results provide an advanced technique of bandwidth contrast of about 0.9%. Such notch filters have potential applications in quantum communications.
We report the experimental observations of the second- and third-order hybrid intensity noise correlation and intensity difference squeezing among two different multi-order nonlinear fluorescence (FL) and two FL signals as well as one of pair of phase conjugate four-wave mixing in a Pr3+:Y2SiO5 crystal, respectively. The degrees of the correlation and squeezing as well as the sharp and broad peaks are studied by changing the polarization of laser fields and gate position in Λ-type three-level systems. We observed the multi-channel hybrid intensities' correlation among the composite and coexisting signals, which turn out to be positive and negative for the cases without and with Autler-Town splitting of FL, respectively. A wide broad peak and a high sharp peak are observed with respect to the degrees of correlation and polarization state controlled by wave plates. Such results may find potential applications in optical transistor and optical hybrid communications.
Abstract For the first time, the energy level structure of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond is introduced in conjunction with a spontaneous parametric four-wave mixing (SP-FWM) process and fluorescence (FL) generation in heteronuclear-like (V-type level) systems. The obtained output signals are characterized by their decaying components and differentiated by Rabi oscillation, while their lifetimes are modulated by changing the power of the laser field. Two- and three-mode correlation and squeezing among the SP-FWM and FL composite signals are investigated theoretically and experimentally. By selecting different time delayed positions and changing the power of the laser field, competition between the SP-FWM and FL composite signals is demonstrated; this can also control the two-stage line shape of hybrid correlation and the magnitude of squeezing. Such results may find potential applications in optical transistors and optical hybrid communications.
We demonstrate the seeded spontaneous parametric four-wave mixing (SP-FWM) process associated with the fluorescence signals of Pr 3+ :YSO both theoretically and experimentally. For the first time, the dressed SP-FWM processes are observed by self-dressing and/or external-dressing in this crystal. Various possible amplification processes are discussed by selectively seeding various multi-wave mixing (MWM) signals. Two contributions of the dressing effect and the dipole–dipole interaction to the linewidths of the SP-FWM signal and the conjugate signal of the seeding MWM signal associated with the fluorescence signal have been distinguished. In addition, the Autler–Townes-like (or Autler–Townes) splitting effect of the fluorescence spectrum induced by itself (or external) field and the mutual interaction between two fluorescence signals are investigated which are well explained using the presented theoretical model. Such results can find potential applications in all-optical communication and optical information processing on a photonic chip.