This paper presents a spatial domain quantum watermarking scheme. For a quantum watermarking scheme,a feasible quantum circuit is a key to achieve it. This paper gives a feasible quantum circuit for the presented scheme. In order to give the quantum circuit, a new quantum multi-control rotation gate, which can be achieved with quantum basic gates, is designed. With this quantum circuit, our scheme can arbitrarily control the embedding position of watermark images on carrier images with the aid of auxiliary qubits. Besides reversely acting the given quantum circuit, the paper gives another watermark extracting algorithm based on quantum measurements. Moreover, this paper also gives a new quantum image scrambling method and its quantum circuit. Differ from other quantum watermarking schemes, all given quantum circuits can be implemented with basic quantum gates. Moreover, the scheme is a spatial domain watermarking scheme, and is not based on any transform algorithm on quantum images. Meanwhile, it can make sure the watermark be secure even though the watermark has been found. With the given quantum circuit, this paper implements simulation experiments for the presented scheme. The experimental result shows that the scheme does well in the visual quality and the embedding capacity.
This paper presents a spatial domain quantum watermarking scheme. For a quantum watermarking scheme,a feasible quantum circuit is a key to achieve it. This paper gives a feasible quantum circuit for the presented scheme. In order to give the quantum circuit, a new quantum multi-control rotation gate, which can be achieved with quantum basic gates, is designed. With this quantum circuit, our scheme can arbitrarily control the embedding position of watermark images on carrier images with the aid of auxiliary qubits. Besides reversely acting the given quantum circuit, the paper gives another watermark extracting algorithm based on quantum measurements. Moreover, this paper also gives a new quantum image scrambling method and its quantum circuit. Differ from other quantum watermarking schemes, all given quantum circuits can be implemented with basic quantum gates. Moreover, the scheme is a spatial domain watermarking scheme, and is not based on any transform algorithm on quantum images. Meanwhile, it can make sure the watermark be secure even though the watermark has been found. With the given quantum circuit, this paper implements simulation experiments for the presented scheme. The experimental result shows that the scheme does well in the visual quality and the embedding capacity.
Abstract This paper presents a spatial domain quantum watermarking scheme. For a quantum watermarking scheme, a feasible quantum circuit is a key to achieve it. This paper gives a feasible quantum circuit for the presented scheme. In order to give the quantum circuit, a new quantum multi-control rotation gate, which can be achieved with quantum basic gates, is designed. With this quantum circuit, our scheme can arbitrarily control the embedding position of watermark images on carrier images with the aid of auxiliary qubits. Besides reversely acting the given quantum circuit, the paper gives another watermark extracting algorithm based on quantum measurements. Moreover, this paper also gives a new quantum image scrambling method and its quantum circuit. Differ from other quantum watermarking schemes, all given quantum circuits can be implemented with basic quantum gates. Moreover, the scheme is a spatial domain watermarking scheme, and is not based on any transform algorithm on quantum images. Meanwhile, it can make sure the watermark be secure even though the watermark has been found. With the given quantum circuit, this paper implements simulation experiments for the presented scheme. The experimental result shows that the scheme does well in the visual quality and the embedding capacity.
This paper proposes a quantum watermarking scheme in spatial domain for quantum grayscale images, using the New Enhanced Quantum Image Representation (NEQR). The Quantum Majority Finder (QMF) is proposed and applied to determine the embedding rules of the watermark information. A Bit-plane Repositioning (BR) method is proposed to reconstruct the quantum watermark, in order to embed it uniformly into the quantum carrier image. The quantum circuits of the proposed scheme are designed. We simulate the proposed scheme on a classical computer using MATLAB and evaluate it with various metrics. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can achieve good visual quality and robustness.
As one of the important branches of quantum image processing, quantum image watermarking technology has been studied by many related personnel. However, most of them are performed in the time domain, and there are relatively few algorithms for quantum image watermarking in the transform domain. This paper proposes a quantum image watermarking technology based on quantum D4 wavelet transform, which specifically includes several aspects. Combining quantum wavelet transform and controlled-rotating gate, this paper proposed a quantum image watermarking algorithm for the modified flexible representation of quantum images (FRQIM) and the normal arbitrary superposition state (NASS). Firstly, the wavelet coefficients of the image are obtained by quantum wavelet transform, then the rotating gate is designed by the information of the watermark image, then the embedding position of the watermark image information is controlled by the controlled gate, and finally the watermark information is embedded in the carrier image by the controlled-rotating gate. This scheme makes full use of the parallelism of quantum computing and can operate on two images at the same time. The simulation results show that for different image combinations, the embedded image is not significantly different from the original image. Compared with the quantum image watermarking algorithm that uses the quantum Fourier transform, the image distortion after watermarking is smaller, and there are more options for embedding the image.
To address the problem that existing quantum image watermarking schemes have only a single watermarking mode with weak robustness, in this paper we propose a novel multi-modal quantum watermarking (MMQW) scheme using the generalized model of novel enhanced quantum representation. Our scheme provides four quantum watermarking modes (G_G, G_C, C_C, C_G), covering both types of grayscale and color images for the watermark and the carrier image. To enhance the robustness, we propose the Block Bit-plane Centrosymmetric Expansion (BBCE) method, which utilizes controlled quantum gates to extend the watermark, making our method resistant to noise and geometric attacks. Moreover, we propose a Brightness-based Watermarking Mechanism (BWM) for embedding and extraction. By uniform embedding, BWM not only minimizes the impact on the carrier image but also reduces the visual distortion of the extracted watermark. In the proposed MMQW, we implement three adaptive embedding strategies using controlled quantum gates, each of which is adaptively triggered according to the corresponding modalities. Detailed quantum circuits for quantum computing are provided. To evaluate imperceptibility and robustness of the MMQW, we conduct experiments using high-resolution images from the USC-SIPI dataset. The results show that PSNR of the watermarked image ranges from 36 dB to 56 dB, indicating the high visual quality. The PSNR of the extracted watermark is about 34 dB when the noise density is 0.05, while the PSNR is higher than 48 dB under common quantum rotation attacks, which indicate the high robustness against noise addition and geometric attacks. In addition, the proposed MMQW can resist to cropping attack with cropping percentage up to 55%. A comprehensive comparison with existing state-of-the-art works shows that our method has significant advantages.
In order to boost the security and confidentiality of information in quantum images, on the foundation of the NEQR model, a novel quantum watermarking scheme combining quantum Hilbert scrambling with steganography based on the Moiré fringe is designed in this paper. First of all, for carrier image, and watermark image, the color information and position information are denoted, respectively, by the NEQR model. Next, the watermark image is converted to a disordered image by quantum Hilbert scrambling, and the message of the original watermark image cannot be gained from the disordered image. At last, the watermark image after scrambling is embedded into the carrier image through the steganography of the Moiré fringe, obtaining the watermarked image. Due to the unitary image of the quantum gate, quantum Hilbert inverse scrambling is the opposite process of quantum Hilbert scrambling. In addition, the watermark image can be completely extracted from the watermarked image. What’s more, the experimental simulation and performance analysis of the scheme are done. The experimental simulation proves the feasibility of this algorithm. Visually, there is no difference between the carrier image and the watermarked image. The PSNR between the watermarked image and the carrier image is measured, which quantitatively shows the high similarity. In addition, the time complexity of the quantum circuit is lower than some other quantum image watermarking schemes, which proves the simplicity of this scheme.
Quantum watermarking technology, which is used in anti-counterfeiting and copyright protection, play an important role in the future quantum computer era. To embed more data and reduce image distortion, a novel quantum watermarking method of combining spatial domain and frequency domain is proposed. To this end, the carrier and watermark image are prepared by the novel quantum model of color digital images. The proposed quantum watermarking method is divided into two parts according to the needs of the owner and the importance of the watermarks. These two parts of watermark are embedded into the cover using the spatial and frequency domain. Analysis indicates that the complexity of the watermark separation process increases the difficulty for the attacker to reconstruct the quantum watermarking. Numerical simulation results using MATLAB software shows that this algorithm has better embedding capacity. Not only that, it also has good invisibility and can ensure the security.