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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

AC Josephson effect without superconductivity, and other effects of radio frequency quantum nanoelectronics

Xavier Waintal, Benoit Gaury, Joseph Weston

Published Mar 14, 2016• 0 citations
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Superconducting RF nanoelectronic devices exhibit a considerable potential for application in future electronics. Josephson effect based devices allow generation, detection, mixing, and parametric amplification of high-frequency signals up into the terahertz region and exhibit high sensitivity, low energy consumption, and small size. Traveling-wave devices can be realized with distributed Josephson junctions. Nonlinear lumped-element circuits can be realized that are small enough so that the circuit dynamics are governed by quantum mechanics. This allows to generate two-photon coherent states and entangled states and will open the door for quantum information processing. Nanotechnological fabrication techniques and the availability of novel materials give a strong impact on the development of novel Josephson-effect-based devices and systems. An overview over the physical principles and the possible applications of nanoelectronic RF Josephson devices is presented.
Superconductive electronics is an extensive field covering both low- and high-temperature superconductors (HTS), and their applications in quantum interference devices, power transmission, microwave filters and logic circuits. The microscopic origins of superconductivity are explained by Bardeen–Cooper–Schieffer (BCS) theory whereas a macroscopic treatment is provided by the Ginzburg–Landau theory. The London equations can explain the well-known Meissner effect of exclusion of magnetic induction by superconductors. A widely used device in superconductive electronics is the Josephson junction (JJ). The DC and AC Josephson effects as well as the inverse AC Josephson effects are described. The application of DC and AC superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) in magnetometry are discussed. Rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) logic, touted as a competitive beyond-CMOS technology in nanoelectronics, is briefly surveyed.
Planar S/N/S Josephson junctions were successfully fabricated by multi-layered thin films of Bi-based high-Tc oxide superconductors. Two Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O(x) films and Bi2Sr2Cu1O(y) film were successively layered as superconducting electrodes and normal conducting buffer layer, respectively. These films were epitaxially deposited on (100) MgO substrate by in situ process of RF magnetron sputtering. Microjunction areas were defined by photolithography and Ar ion milling. These S/N/S type junctions clearly exhibited the AC Josephson effect under the irradiation of radio frequency waves of 12 GHz. More than 20th Shapiro steps were observed and those step heights were oscillated according to the irradiation power. These characteristics were stable and reproducible for different configuration of function area.