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Acta Physica Sinica

STUDIES ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL-OPTICAL SWITCHING BASED ON THE EXCITED STATE ABSORPTION OF C60 MOLECULES

GUO FENG-YUN, Li Chun-Fei, Ruibo Wang, Kun Yu Yang, 哈尔滨工业大学应用物理系

Published Jan 1, 1994• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We have obtained the characteristics of all-optical switching and modulation of C60 in toluene pumped by a pulsed Nd:YAG laser at λ=532.0nm and probed by a CW semiconductor laser at λ=747.0nm, based on nonlinear triplet-triplet absorption in C60. Dynamic processes of switching and modulation are simulated using rate equations, which coincide with the experimental results.

DOI
10.7498/aps.43.913

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We have obtained the characteristics of all-optical switching and modulation of C60 in toluene pumped by a pulsed Nd:YAG laser at λ=532.0nm and probed by a CW semiconductor laser at λ=747.0nm, based on nonlinear triplet-triplet absorption in C60. Dynamic processes of switching and modulation are simulated using rate equations, which coincide with the experimental results.
The dynamic processes of reverse saturable absorption (RSA) in a solution of C60 are studied in detail by use of rate equations and the light-propagation equation for a five-energy-level model. The RSA experimental results for C60 in toluene solution with a nanosecond–picosecond Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm are consistent with the theoretical simulations. Effects of sample concentration and thickness on RSA and contributions of the singlet and triplet excited states to RSA for various laser-pulse widths and wavelengths are also analyzed. Finally, an all-optical switch based on excited-state nonlinear absorption and the pump-probe technique is implemented.
The dynamics of all-optical switching in C60 has been theoretically analyzed based on the principle of nonlinear intensity-induced excited-state absorption to achieve high contrast and fast switching. The transmission of a cw probe laser beam at 885 nm corresponding to the peak absorption of the S1 state through C60 in toluene is switched by a pulsed pump laser beam at 532 nm that excites molecules from the ground state. Switching characteristics are shown to be sensitive to the variation of pump pulse width, peak pumping intensity, thickness of the medium, intersystem crossing time between the S1 and T1 states and the absorption cross section of the S1 state at a probe wavelength, and their effect are analyzed in detail. It is shown that the transmission of the probe beam can be completely switched off (100% modulation) by the pump beam at a pump intensity of 100 MW/cm2 and a pulse width 1.5 ns, with switch on and off times of 2.5 and 7.5 ns, respectively. The results are used to design all-optical NOT and the universal NOR and NAND logic gates with multiple pump laser pulses, which are the basic building blocks of computing circuits.
We investigate the nonlinear absorption of C60-doped porous sol-gel glasses by single- and double-pulse pump–probe experiments. We find that the reverse saturable absorption (RSA) of these samples can be explained in the frame of a five level system as it is commonly used for C60 solutions. We observe a strong saturation of the RSA at high fluences, especially if the molecules are prepared in the triplet state. In a double-pulse pump–probe experiment we measure the triplet quantum yield for C60 solutions (0.8) and doped glasses (0.25) and the singlet and triplet absorption cross sections. In the first excited singlet state (S1) lifetimes of 1 ns and 65 ps are determined in solutions and glasses, respectively. We find that the dynamics of both depopulation processes, direct S1–S0 relaxation, and intersystem crossing is faster in glasses than in the case where C60 is in solution in a liquid aromatic solvent. We tentatively explain these findings by the absence of a stabilizing solvent and a perturbation of the molecular energy levels due to interaction with the solid glass matrix. We finally determine the lifetime of the triplet states in our glass samples to 2 μs.
The main achievements in our research on the physical phenomena of the excited-state nonlinear absorption in a molecular system and its applications in photonic technology are described. In the first part of this paper, some energy-level models and rate-equations are used to explain various mechanisms of the excited-state nonlinear absorption under different conditions, such as reverse saturable absorption caused by the triplet and/or the singlet excited-state absorption; saturable absorption due to the first and/or the second singlet excited-state absorption; and the excited-state nonlinear absorption induced by two-photon absorption. The experimental results for metal-organic and C 60 materials irradiated by ps and ns laser pulses are consistent with the simulated curves of the transmittance versus fluences. In the second part, the applications of excited-state nonlinear absorption in photonic techniques including optical bistability, optical switching, optical limiting, optical modulation, optical logic and optical storage are introduced. The working principles of the photonic devices based on the excited-state nonlinear absorption are presented. The experimental characteristic curves are found in good agreement with the theoretical simulations for these devices.
Progress in optical computing, optical communication and optical information processing depends on a large extent of the availability of fast all-optical switches. Most of the all-optical switches utilize nonlinear FP cavity1,2,3. Its absorptive loss is very large because of working on the resonant wavelength, and the switching time is districted by the response time of cavity. In 1990 K. W. Beeson4 presented a novel all-optical switch based on the triplet-triplet absorption in Eosin Y using a CW laser as a pump beam, and obtained μs scale switching time. We developed this kind of switches in C605 whose switch off time was about 250 ns which depends on the lifetime of the first triplet excited state.