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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Towards an efficient nanophotonic platform integrating quantum memories and single qubits based on rare-earth ions

Tian Zhong, Jonathan M. Kindem, John G. Bartholomew, Jake Rochman, Ioana Craiciu, Evan Miyazono, Andrei Faraon

Published Feb 20, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The integration of rare-earth ions in an on-chip photonic platform would enable quantum repeaters and scalable quantum networks. While ensemble-based quantum memories have been routinely realized, implementing single rare-earth ion qubit remains an outstanding challenge due to its weak photoluminescence. Here we demonstrate a nanophotonic platform consisting of yttrium vanadate (YVO) photonic crystal nanobeam resonators coupled to a spectrally dilute ensemble of Nd ions. The cavity acts as a memory when prepared with spectral hole burning, meanwhile it permits addressing of single ions when high-resolution spectroscopy is employed. For quantum memory, atomic frequency comb (AFC) protocol was implemented in a 50 ppm Nd:YVO nanocavity cooled to 480 mk. The high-fidelity quantum storage of time-bin qubits is demonstrated with a 80% efficient WSi superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD). The small mode volume of the cavity results in a peak atomic spectral density of <10 ions per homogeneous linewidth, suitable for probing single ions when detuned from the center of the inhomogeneous distribution. The high-cooperativity coupling of a single ion yields a strong signature (20%) in the cavity reection spectrum, which could be detected by our efficient SNSPD. We estimate a signal-to-noise ratio exceeding 10 for addressing a single Nd ion with its 879.7nm transition. This, combines with the AFC memory, constitutes a promising platform for preparation, storage and detection of rare-earth qubits on the same ship.

DOI
10.1117/12.2251673

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The integration of rare-earth ions in an on-chip photonic platform would enable quantum repeaters and scalable quantum networks. While ensemble-based quantum memories have been routinely realized, implementing single rare-earth ion qubit remains an outstanding challenge due to its weak photoluminescence. Here we demonstrate a nanophotonic platform consisting of yttrium vanadate (YVO) photonic crystal nanobeam resonators coupled to a spectrally dilute ensemble of Nd ions. The cavity acts as a memory when prepared with spectral hole burning, meanwhile it permits addressing of single ions when high-resolution spectroscopy is employed. For quantum memory, atomic frequency comb (AFC) protocol was implemented in a 50 ppm Nd:YVO nanocavity cooled to 480 mk. The high-fidelity quantum storage of time-bin qubits is demonstrated with a 80% efficient WSi superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD). The small mode volume of the cavity results in a peak atomic spectral density of <10 ions per homogeneous linewidth, suitable for probing single ions when detuned from the center of the inhomogeneous distribution. The high-cooperativity coupling of a single ion yields a strong signature (20%) in the cavity reection spectrum, which could be detected by our efficient SNSPD. We estimate a signal-to-noise ratio exceeding 10 for addressing a single Nd ion with its 879.7nm transition. This, combines with the AFC memory, constitutes a promising platform for preparation, storage and detection of rare-earth qubits on the same ship.
Rare-earth-ion doped crystals are state-of-the-art materials for optical quantum memories and quantum transducers between optical and microwave photons. Here we describe our progress towards a nanophotonic quantum memory based on a rare-earth (Neodymium) doped yttrium orthosilicate (YSO) photonic crystal resonator. The Purcell-enhanced coupling of the 883 nm transitions of Neodymium (Nd3+) ions to the nano-resonator results in increased optical depth, which could in principle facilitate highly efficient photon storage via cavity impedance matching. The atomic frequency comb (AFC) memory protocol can be implemented in the Nd:YSO nano-resonator by efficient optical pumping into the long-lived Zeeman state. Coherent optical signals can be stored and retrieved from the AFC memory. We currently measure a storage efficiency on par with a bulk crystal Nd:YSO memory that is millimeters long. Our results will enable multiplexed on-chip quantum storage and thus quantum repeater devices using rare-earth-ions.
Quantum interconnects allow disparate quantum systems to be entangled, leading to more powerful integrated quantum technology and increases in scalability. The foundation for such technology, including photonic quantum memories and coherent microwave-to-optical (M2O) transducers, have already been developed in rare-earth ion (REI) crystals. Here we demonstrate improved REI quantum device functionality in an on-chip platform that dramatically strengthens the ions’ interactions with optical fields and integrates with planar microwave technology. Using a photonic crystal nanobeam fabricated in a Nd-doped yttrium vanadate (YVO) crystal, we harness the enhanced ion-photon interactions that create single photon Rabi frequencies as large as 60 MHz. In particular, the large AC Stark shift is used to control an ensemble of approximately 4000 ions for photonic quantum memory applications. We demonstrate AC Stark shift control of the storage time in the atomic frequency comb protocol as well as the possibility of memories based on an all-optical variation of the hybrid photon echo rephasing protocol. The spin state of the REIs can also be addressed directly through the integration of microwave striplines and coplanar waveguide cavities. The achievement of optically detected magnetic resonance in on-chip waveguides and nanophotonic cavities in Nd:YVO will be presented along with the initial progress of achieving coherent M2O conversion using Raman heterodyne spectroscopy. With photonic quantum memories and sources, single ion qubits, and quantum M2O all feasible in the one integrated platform, REI technology is a promising platform for enabling large scale integration of diverse quantum resources.
I present quantum nano-photonic devices based on nanophotonic resonators coupled to rare-earth-ions in crystals. The rare-earth ions exhibit long coherence times on optical transitions, which makes them suitable for optical quantum memories. We demonstrate a high-fidelity nanophotonic quantum memory based on a mesoscopic rare-earth ensemble coupled to a photonic crystal cavity. The nanocavity enables >95% spin polarization for efficient initialization of the atomic frequency comb memory, and time-bin-selective readout via enhanced optical Stark shift of the comb frequencies. Besides ensemble memories, single rare-earth-ions coupled to nano-resonators can be used as single optically addressable quantum bits where the quantum state is mapped on their Zeeman or hyperfine levels with long coherence time. Our solid-state nano-photonic quantum light-matter interfaces can be integrated with other chip-scale photon source and detector devices for multiplexed quantum and classical information processing at the nodes of quantum networks.
Quantum interconnects allow disparate quantum systems to be entangled, leading to more powerful integrated quantum technology and increases in scalability. The foundation for such technology, including photonic quantum memories and coherent microwave-to-optical (M2O) transducers, have already been developed in rare-earth ion (REI) crystals. Here we demonstrate improved REI quantum device functionality in an on-chip platform that dramatically strengthens the ions’ interactions with optical fields and integrates with planar microwave technology. Using a photonic crystal nanobeam fabricated in a Nd-doped yttrium vanadate (YVO) crystal, we harness the enhanced ion-photon interactions that create single photon Rabi frequencies as large as 60 MHz. In particular, the large AC Stark shift is used to control an ensemble of approximately 4000 ions for photonic quantum memory applications. We demonstrate AC Stark shift control of the storage time in the atomic frequency comb protocol as well as the possibility of memories based on an all-optical variation of the hybrid photon echo rephasing protocol. The spin state of the REIs can also be addressed directly through the integration of microwave striplines and coplanar waveguide cavities. The achievement of optically detected magnetic resonance in on-chip waveguides and nanophotonic cavities in Nd:YVO will be presented along with the initial progress of achieving coherent M2O conversion using Raman heterodyne spectroscopy. With photonic quantum memories and sources, single ion qubits, and quantum M2O all feasible in the one integrated platform, REI technology is a promising platform for enabling large scale integration of diverse quantum resources.
Optical quantum memories are essential elements in quantum networks for long-distance distribution of quantum entanglement. Scalable development of quantum network nodes requires on-chip qubit storage functionality with control of the readout time. We demonstrate a high-fidelity nanophotonic quantum memory based on a mesoscopic neodymium ensemble coupled to a photonic crystal cavity. The nanocavity enables >95% spin polarization for efficient initialization of the atomic frequency comb memory and time bin-selective readout through an enhanced optical Stark shift of the comb frequencies. Our solid-state memory is integrable with other chip-scale photon source and detector devices for multiplexed quantum and classical information processing at the network nodes.