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International Computer Symposium

Comment on 'Multiparty Quantum Key Agreement with GHZ State'

Jun Gu, Tzonelih Hwang

Published Dec 1, 2016• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recently, Chen et al. (DOI 10.1109/SMC.2015. 281) proposed a multiparty quantum key agreement protocol based on Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state. They claimed that their protocol can achieve both the security property and the fairness property. However, this study points out that Chen et al.'s protocol cannot achieve the fairness property by an Internal Attack. That is, one of the involved participant (Alice) can determine the final key alone without being detected by other participants.

DOI
10.1109/ics.2016.0055

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Recently, Chen et al. (DOI 10.1109/SMC.2015. 281) proposed a multiparty quantum key agreement protocol based on Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state. They claimed that their protocol can achieve both the security property and the fairness property. However, this study points out that Chen et al.'s protocol cannot achieve the fairness property by an Internal Attack. That is, one of the involved participant (Alice) can determine the final key alone without being detected by other participants.
This paper introduces the design process of a multiparty quantum key agreement protocol based on the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state in detail. Building on the traditional circle-type quantum key agreement protocol, we introduce a star structure, which significantly improves the speed and efficiency of key agreement. To facilitate the reader’s understanding, we provide an example of a four participants quantum key agreement protocol. In the process of quantum state transmission, we perform operations using the Pauli matrix and the Hadamard matrix to ensure that the quantum state remains in one of the four basis states. This significantly enhances the security of the protocol. After rigorous security analysis, we find that the protocol can effectively resist intercept-resend attack, entangle-measure attack, collective attack, and dishonest participant attack. Under a collective attack, if the first particle is subjected to bit-flipping noise, then p<0.2430p<0.2430p<0.2430 only guarantees r>0.2r>0.2r>0.2 when a=1a=1a=1 . Additionally, we conduct a fairness analysis and evaluate the practical performance of the proposed protocol. In an ideal depolarization noise-free environment, the protocol can achieve a positive key rate only when the global detection efficiency exceeds 0.9636. Finally, we conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of the protocols. The results show that our proposed protocol is superior to other existing schemes in terms of efficiency and running time.
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As a burgeoning branch of quantum cryptography, quantum key agreement is a kind of key establishing processes where the security and fairness of the established common key should be guaranteed simultaneously. However, the difficulty on designing a qualified quantum key agreement protocol increases significantly with the increase of the number of the involved participants. Thus far, only few of the existing multiparty quantum key agreement (MQKA) protocols can really achieve security and fairness. Nevertheless, these qualified MQKA protocols are either too inefficient or too impractical. In this paper, an MQKA protocol is proposed with single photons in travelling mode. Since only one eavesdropping detection is needed in the proposed protocol, the qubit efficiency and measurement efficiency of it are higher than those of the existing ones in theory. Compared with the protocols which make use of the entangled states or multi-particle measurements, the proposed protocol is more feasible with the current technologies. Security and fairness analysis shows that the proposed protocol is not only immune to the attacks from external eavesdroppers, but also free from the attacks from internal betrayers.